Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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101 exam Format | 101 Course Contents | 101 Course Outline | 101 exam Syllabus | 101 exam Objectives


Section 1: OSI Cognitive Complexity
Objective 1.01 Explain, compare, and contrast the OSI layers

Describe the function of each OSI layer
Differentiate between the OSI layers
Describe the purpose of the various address types at different OSI layers
Objective 1.02 Explain protocols and technologies specific to the data link layer

Explain the purpose of a switchs forwarding database
Explain the purpose and functionality of ARP
Explain the purpose and functionality of MAC addresses
Explain the purpose and functionality of a broadcast domain
Explain the purpose and functionality of VLANs
Explain the purpose and functionality of link aggregation
Objective 1.03 Explain protocols and apply technologies specific to the network layer

Explain the purpose and functionality of IP addressing and subnetting
Given an IP address and net mask, determine the network IP and the broadcast IP
Given a routing table and a destination IP address, identify which routing table entry the destination IP address will match
Explain the purpose and functionality of Routing protocols
Explain the purpose of fragmentation
Given a fragment, identify what information is needed for reassembly
Explain the purpose of TTL functionality
Given a packet traversing a topology, document the source/destination IP address/MAC address changes at each hop
Objective 1.04 Explain the features and functionality of protocols and technologies specific to the transport layer

Compare/Contrast purpose and functionality of MTU and MSS
Explain the purpose and functionality of TCP
Explain the purpose and functionality of UDP
Explain the purpose and functionality of ports in general
Explain how retransmissions occur
Explain the purpose and process of a reset
Describe various TCP options
Describe a TCP checksum error
Describe how TCP addresses error correction
Describe how the flow control process occurs
Objective 1.05 Explain the features and functionality of protocols and technologies specific to the application layer

Explain the purpose and functionality of HTTP
Differentiate between HTTP versions
Interpret HTTP status codes
Determine an HTTP request method for a given use case
Explain the purpose and functionality of HTTP keepalives, HTTP headers, DNS, SIP, FTP
Differentiate between passive and active FTP
Explain the purpose and functionality of SMTP
Explain the purpose and functionality of a cookie
Given a situation in which a client connects to a remote host, explain how the name resolution process occurs
Explain the purpose and functionality of a URL

Objective 2.01 Articulate the role of F5 products
Explain the purpose, use, and benefits of APM, LTM, ASM, GTM
Objective 2.02 Explain the purpose, use, and advantages of iRules

Explain the purpose of iRules
Explain the advantages of iRules
Given a list of situations, determine which would be appropriate for the use of iRules
Objective 2.03 Explain the purpose, use, and advantages of iApps

Explain the purpose of iApps
Explain the advantages of iApps
Given a list of situations, determine which would be appropriate for the use of iApps
Objective 2.04 Explain the purpose of and use cases for full proxy and packet
forwarding/packet based architectures

Describe a full proxy architecture
Describe a packet forwarding/packet based architecture
Given a list of situations, determine which is appropriate for a full proxy architecture
Given a list of situations, determine which is appropriate for a packet based architecture
Objective 2.05 Explain the advantages and configurations of high availability (HA)

Explain active/active
Explain active/standby
Explain the benefits of deploying BIG-IP devices in a redundant configuration

Objective 3.01 Discuss the purpose of, use cases for, and key considerations related to load
balancing

Explain the purpose of distribution of load across multiple servers
Given an environment, determine the appropriate load balancing algorithm that achieves a desired result
Explain the concept of persistence
Objective 3.02 Differentiate between a client and server

Given a scenario, identify the client/server
Explain the role of a client
Explain the role of a server

Objective 4.01 Compare and contrast positive and negative security models

Describe the concept of a positive security model
Describe the concept of a negative security model
Given a list of scenarios, identify which is a positive security model
Given a list of scenarios, identify which is a negative security model
Describe the benefits of a positive security model
Describe the benefits of a negative security model
Objective 4.02 Explain the purpose of cryptographic services

Describe the purpose of signing
Describe the purpose of encryption
Describe the purpose of certificates and the certificate chains
Distinguish between private/public keys
Compare and contrast symmetric/asymmetric encryption
Objective 4.03 Describe the purpose and advantages of authentication

Explain the purpose of authentication
Explain the advantages of single sign on
Explain the concepts of multifactor authentication
Describe the role authentication plays in AAA
Objective 4.04 Describe the purpose, advantages, and use cases of IPsec and SSL VPN

Explain the purpose, advantages, and challenges associated with IPsec
Explain the purpose, advantages, and challenges associated with SSL VPN
Given a list of environments/situations, determine which is appropriate for an IPsec solution
Given a list of environments/situations, determine which is appropriate for an SSL VPN solution
Section 5: Application Delivery Platforms Cognitive
Complexity
Objective 5.01 Describe the purpose, advantages, use cases, and challenges associated
with hardware based application delivery platforms and virtual machines

Explain when a hardware based application deliver platform solution is appropriate
Explain when a virtual machine solution is appropriate
Explain the purpose, advantages, and challenges associated with hardware based application deliver platform
solutions
Explain the purpose, advantages, and challenges associated with virtual machines
Given a list of environments/situations, determine which is appropriate for a hardware based application
deliver platform solution
Given a list of environments/situations, determine which is appropriate for a virtual machine solution
Explain the advantages of dedicated hardware (SSL card, compression card)
Objective 5.02 Describe the purpose of the various types of advanced acceleration
techniques

Describe the purpose of TCP optimization
Describe the purpose of HTTP keepalives, caching, compression, and pipelining



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug