Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ACLS
Exam Name : Advanced Cardiac Life Support - 2023
Vendor Name : Medical
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ACLS exam Format | ACLS Course Contents | ACLS Course Outline | ACLS exam Syllabus | ACLS exam Objectives


EXAM NUMBER : ACLS

EXAM NAME : Advanced Cardiac Life Support

Grading Scale:

91-100% = A

83-90% = B

75-82% = C

67-81% = D

Below 67 = F



Skill development for professional personnel practicing in critical care units, emergency departments, and paramedic ambulances. Establishes a system of protocols for management of the patient experiencing cardiac difficulties.



COURSE CONTENTS, COURSE OBJECTIVES, SYLLABUS

- Integrate knowledge of EMS systems, safety/well being of the paramedic, and medical/legal and ethical issues, which is intended to Improve the health of EMS personnel, patients, and the community.

- Integrate knowledge of pharmacology to formulate a treatment plan intended to mitigate emergencies and Improve the overall health of the patient.

- Integrate knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology into the exam to develop and implement a treatment plan with the goal of assuring a patent airway, adequate mechanical ventilation and respiration for all patients.

- Integrate scene and patient exam findings with knowledge of epidemiology and pathophysiology to form a field impression, differential diagnosis and formulate a treatment plan.

- Integrate comprehensive knowledge of causes and pathophysiology into the management of cardiac arrest and peri-arrest states.

- Integrate a comprehensive knowledge of the causes and pathophysiology into the management of shock, respiratory failure or arrest with an emphasis on early intervention to prevent arrest.

- Safely and effectively perform all psychomotor skills within the scope of the Paramedic practice.

- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of EMS systems, the safety/well-being of the paramedic, and medical/legal and ethical issues which is intended to Improve the health of EMS personnel, patients, and the community.

- Integrates a complex depth and comprehensive breadth of knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of all human systems.

- Integrates comprehensive anatomical and medical terminology and abbreviations into the written and oral communication with colleagues and other health care professionals.

- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of pathophysiology of major human systems.

- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of life span development.

- Applies fundamental knowledge of principles of public health and epidemiology including public health emergencies, health promotion, and illness and injury prevention.

- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of pharmacology to formulate a treatment plan intended to mitigate emergencies and Improve the overall health of the patient.

- Integrates complex knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology into the exam to develop and implement a treatment plan with the goal of assuring a patent airway, adequate mechanical ventilation, and respiration for patients of all ages.

- Integrate scene and patient exam findings with knowledge of pathophysiology to form a field impression. This includes development of a list of differential diagnoses through clinical reasoning to modify the exam and formulate a treatment plan.

- Integrates exam findings with principles of epidemiology and pathophysiology to formulate a field impression and implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for a patient with a medical complaint.

- Integrates comprehensive knowledge of causes and pathophysiology into the management of the cardiac arrest and peri-arrest states.

- Integrates a comprehensive knowledge of the causes and pathophysiology into the management of shock, respiratory failure or arrest with an emphasis on early intervention to prevent arrest.

- Integrates exam findings with principles of epidemiology and pathophysiology to formulate a field impression to implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for an acutely injured patient.

- Integrates exam findings with principles of pathophysiology and knowledge of psychosocial needs to formulate a field impression and implement a comprehensive treatment/disposition plan for patients with special needs.

- Knowledge of operational roles and responsibilities to ensure patient, public and personnel safety.

- Communicate in a culturally sensitive manner.

- Demonstrate professional behavior including but not limited to; integrity, empathy, self-motivation, appearance and personal hygiene, self confidence, communications, time-management, teamwork, diplomacy and respect, patient advocacy and the safe delivery of care.

- Safely and effectively perform all psychomotor skills within the National EMS Scope of Practice Model and state scope of practice at the Paramedic level

- Perform basic and advanced interventions as a part of a treatment plan intended to mitigate the emergency, provide symptom relief, and Improve the overall health of the patient and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and modify the treatment plan accordingly.

- Report and document exam findings and interventions. Collect and report data to be used for epidemiological and research purposes.

- Function as the team leader of a routine, single patient advanced life support emergency call.



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Medical - answers

 

Family searching for answers after ‘healthy’ 14-year-old boy dies in sleep at grandparents’ house

A 14-year-old boy with no known prior medical history has died suddenly in his sleep.

William Pfeiffer, from Queenstown, Adelaide, spent his final hours at his grandparents’ house last Sunday, when he fell asleep and didn’t wake up.

His devastated parents, Karen Lynch and Mike Shaw, said William was a “happy and healthy” boy with a heart of gold.

They are awaiting autopsy results to learn more about what happened to their son.

They say William had no prior medical history that could explain the shocking event and did not exhibit any concerning symptoms the night he died.

William Pfeiffer, from Queenstown, Adelaide, spent his final hours at his grandparents’ house, when he suddenly passed away in his sleep. William Pfeiffer, from Queenstown, Adelaide, spent his final hours at his grandparents’ house, when he suddenly passed away in his sleep. GoFundMe

Nicole Banns, a long-term friend of Ms. Lynch, said William had gone to bed “happy and healthy,” during a sleepover with his siblings at their grandparents’ house.

“I think they just realized that he was sleeping in bed and they checked on him and realized that something wasn’t right,” the 42-year-old told The Advertiser.

“(The family) is devastated as you can imagine, it’s just traumatic and it’s just so unfair.

“They’re just really emotional and struggling to get through it.

William Pfeiffer with his mum, Karen Lynch, on her wedding day with husband Mike Shaw in April 2023. His devastated parents, Karen Lynch (right), and Mike Shaw, said William (left) had no prior medical history or any concerning symptoms that could explain his unexpected death. news.com.au

“It’s affected everyone, and I’ve seen her house and it’s full of flowers and full of food that people have been bringing.”

Ms. Banns, who has known Ms. Lynch since high school, said William was “like sunshine”.

“He was such a happy kid whose smile just beamed and he was a bit of a clown and a jokester, and he used to make everybody laugh,” she said.

“He loved his loud, crazy socks. He’d wear bright socks all the time he was a bit of a funny little character.

Start your day with all you need to know

Morning Report delivers the latest news, videos, photos and more.

“He had a heart of gold, so likable and he was such a good kid as well. Like he would never do anything wrong. He was just so good.”

Principal Joe Corbo said Gleeson College, where William went to school, had been in mourning since hearing about the youngster’s death.

“On Monday I was surprised how quiet the schoolyard was with 860 students,” Mr. Corbo told the publication.

The school has placed a photo of William on the altar at its on-site chapel where students can go to mourn the loss of their friend.

Gleeson College will honor William with “a couple of memorial services” for staff and students who cannot attend the funeral, Mr. Corbo added.

They will also have a “loud sock day” which students will attend with colorful socks on show, in a tribute to William.

The school has made “extra counseling personnel” available for those affected by his death.

“We’ll certainly need it,” Mr. Corbo said.

Ms Banns has launched a GoFundMe to raise funds for William’s family, who are struggling to cope with their loss.

The family is waiting for the autopsy results to learn more about what happened to their son. The family is waiting for the autopsy results to learn more about what happened to William. news.com.au

She explained that Ms Lynch, a freelance photographer and wedding celebrant, has taken time off work to process her grief.

“No parent should ever have to endure the loss of a child,” Ms Banns wrote on the fundraiser.

“The grief alone is terrible but the added stress of financial strain just adds to the pain.”


24-Year-Old Austin Runner Collapses on Track After Cardiac Arrest: ‘No Definitive Answer About What Happened’ (Exclusive)

No result found, try new keyword!Dominic Fusco, 24, suffered cardiac arrest following a routine track workout in Austin, despite being a seasoned athlete who prioritized his health and fitness ...

Officials go over next steps for Gray Fire recovery at community meeting at Medical Lake High School

No result found, try new keyword!District 3 Fire Chief Cody Rohrbach showed residents where the fire started, about three miles southwest of town on a hillside burning wheat stubble.
 


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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug