Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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CNA exam Format | CNA Course Contents | CNA Course Outline | CNA exam Syllabus | CNA exam Objectives
Tests/Quizzes (Totals make up 25% of your overall grade)
Chapter Tests 100 points ea.
Chapter Quizzes (if given) 25 points ea.
Major Exams (Totals make up 25% of your overall grade)
Mid-term 500 points * Must have a 75% in class to take – must score 75% on test
Skills Final 400 points
Final 500 points * Must have a 75% in class to take – must score 75% on test
Classwork/Homework (Totals make up 25% of your overall grade)
Homework 50 points/week
Skills/Lab 50 points/per skill day
Career Portfolio 100 points
Research papers 100 points
Oral presentations 100 points
Employability (Totals make up 25% of your overall grade)
Weekly class employability grade semester 1 40 pts. /day = 200 points a week)
Weekly class employability grade semester 2 40 pts. / day = 120 points a week)
Weekly clinical employability points semester 2 40 pts / day or 80 pts on Saturday
Major Exams: The Arizona State Board of Nursing has determined that all students must achieve at least 75% or better on all major examinations. In keeping with the BON standard, the EVIT standard for NA students is that students score at least 75% on all major exams as well as maintain a 75% overall class average. Students scoring less than 75% on either the Mid-term or the Final exam are considered to have failed and may petition the instructor to re-take the exam. Only one re-take will be permitted. Re-takes will be administered the next school day. The re-take exam will address the same competencies as the first exam but with different questions. The maximum score that will be posted in the grade book for a re-take exam is 75%. Students with a permanent score of less than 75% for the midterm exam will be referred to the counseling department. It is the students responsibility to arrange a time with the teacher if they need to re-take a major test due to a failing
grade or to make-up a major test due to an excused absence.
Successful Completion Requires:
1. Students must demonstrate 100% accuracy on all skills taught in lab/ clinical setting
in order to receive “Pass” for this portion of the Program.
2. Students must maintain 100% attendance rate in class/clinical. (If student misses a
class they will have to wait until that class day is offered again and it is not
guaranteed it will be available in the next class)
3. All Students must complete 100% of the clinical hours
4. All Students must get at least an 80% or above on all quizzes and exams when given
5. All Financial obligations to school must be satisNied before sitting for CNA State exam
or accreditation testing or before receiving a completion of Achievement CertiNicate.
Course Objectives • Communication and Interpersonal Skills • Infection Control • Safety/ Emergency procedures- including, but not limited to the
Heimlich maneuver • Promoting Residents independence • Respecting residents rights • Taking and recording vitals signs • Measuring and recording height and weight • Caring for the residents environment • Caring for residents when death is imminent • Recognizing abnormal changes in body function and the importance of
reporting such changes to a supervisor • Bathing • Grooming • Dressing • Toileting • Assisting with eating and hydration • Proper feeding techniques • Skin care • Transfers, positioning and turning • Modifying aides behavior in response to residents behavior • Identifying development tasks associated with aging process • How to respond to residents behavior
• Allowing the residents to make personal choices • Identifying psychiatric disorders • Techniques for addressing the unique needs and behaviors of
individuals with dementia • Communicating with cognitively impaired residents • Understanding the behavior of cognitively impaired residents • Appropriate responses to behavior of cognitively impaired residents • Methods of reducing the effects of cognitive impairments • Training the residents in self care according to the residents abilities • Use of assistive devices in transferring, ambulation, eating & dressing • Maintaining range of motion • Proper turning and positioning in bed and chair • Bowel and Bladder training • Care and use of prosthetic and orthotic devices • Providing privacy and maintenance of conNidentiality • Promoting the residents right to make personal choices to
accommodate their needs • Giving assistance in resolving grievances and disputes • Providing needed assistance in getting to and participating in resident
and family groups and other activities • Maintaining care and security of residents personal possessions • Promoting the residents right to be free from abuse, mistreatment and
neglect, and the need to report any such instance to appropriate facility
staff • Avoiding the need for restraints in accordance with current professional
standards
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug