Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CPNP-AC
Exam Name : PNCB Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner - Acute Care 2025
Vendor Name : Nursing
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Question Bank : Check Questions

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CPNP-AC test Format | CPNP-AC Course Contents | CPNP-AC Course Outline | CPNP-AC test Syllabus | CPNP-AC test Objectives


Number of Questions: Approximately 200 multiple-choice questions.
Time Allotted: 3.5 hours.
Content Areas: Based on the above topics, weighted as follows:
Clinical Practice: 60%
Professional Role and Policy: 10%
Systems-Based Practice: 15%
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: 10%
Special Populations: 5%

- Health History and Physical Exam:
- Comprehensive and focused health histories.
- Developmental exam
- Denver II
- Ages and Stages Questionnaire
- Physical examination techniques specific to pediatric populations.
- Interpretation of growth charts (e.g., WHO, CDC).

- Diagnostic Reasoning:
- Differential diagnosis development.
- Interpretation of diagnostic tests
- labs
- imaging
- EKG
- PFTs
- Use of clinical guidelines and evidence-based practice.

- Disease Management:
- Acute conditions
- respiratory distress
- sepsis
- dehydration
- Chronic conditions
- asthma
- diabetes
- cystic fibrosis
- Critical care
- shock
- traumatic injury
- cardiac arrest
- Pain management and palliative care.

- Pharmacology:
- Pediatric pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- Common medications used in acute care
- antibiotics
- analgesics
- sedatives
- Medication dosing and safety
- weight-based dosing
- renal/hepatic adjustments

- Scope of Practice:
- State and federal regulations governing NP practice.
- Collaborative practice agreements and prescriptive authority.
- Ethical and Legal Issues:
- Informed consent and assent.
- Confidentiality and HIPAA compliance.
- End-of-life care and ethical dilemmas.

- Health Policy and Advocacy:
- Impact of healthcare policies on pediatric acute care.
- Advocacy for patients and families (e.g., access to care, health equity).

- Systems-Based Practice
- Care Coordination:
- Interdisciplinary collaboration
- with physicians
- social workers
- therapists
- Transition of care
- hospital to home
- pediatric to adult care

- Quality Improvement:
- Identifying and addressing gaps in care.
- Implementing evidence-based practice changes.
- Participating in quality improvement initiatives.

- Healthcare Systems:
- Understanding of healthcare financing
- Medicaid
- private insurance
- Utilization of healthcare resources
- telemedicine
- community resources

- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
- Health Maintenance:
- Immunizations and vaccine schedules.
- Screening for developmental, behavioral, and mental health issues.
- Nutritional counseling and obesity prevention.

- Injury Prevention:
- Education on safety measures (e.g., car seats, helmet use).
- Prevention of accidental injuries (e.g., poisoning, burns).

- Family Education:
- Teaching families about disease management and prevention.
- Supporting families in coping with acute and chronic illnesses.

- Neonates and Infants:
- Management of prematurity, congenital anomalies, and neonatal emergencies.
- Developmental care in the NICU.

- Adolescents:
- Addressing risky behaviors (e.g., substance abuse, sexual health).
- Managing eating disorders and mental health issues.
- Children with Special Healthcare Needs:
- Care coordination for children with complex medical conditions.
- Supporting families of children with disabilities.

- Common Procedures:
- IV insertion, lumbar puncture, wound care, and suturing.
- Airway management (e.g., intubation, tracheostomy care).

- Use of ventilators, ECMO, and other life-support devices.
- Interpretation of monitoring data (e.g., hemodynamic monitoring, capnography).
- Acute Care: Short-term, intensive treatment for severe injuries or illnesses.
- Chronic Condition: A long-term health issue requiring ongoing management.

- Palliative Care: Focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life.
- Evidence-Based Practice: Integrating clinical expertise with the best available research.
- Pharmacokinetics: How the body processes medications.

- Health Equity: Ensuring all patients have access to quality care regardless of background.
- Interdisciplinary Team: Collaboration among healthcare professionals from different disciplines.
- Telemedicine: Use of technology to provide remote healthcare services.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug