Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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NCBTMB test Format | NCBTMB Course Contents | NCBTMB Course Outline | NCBTMB test Syllabus | NCBTMB test Objectives
Exam Type: Computer-based multiple-choice exam.
Number of Questions: 100 scored questions + 20 un-scored pretest questions (total of 120 questions).
Time Limit: 2 hours (120 minutes).
Question Types: Multiple-choice questions with four answer options.
Language: English.
Scoring System: The test uses a scaled scoring system, with scores ranging from 300 to 700.
Passing Score: A scaled score of 500 or higher is required to pass.
1. Anatomy and Physiology (25%)
- Skeletal System: Bones, joints, and their functions.
- Muscular System: Muscle groups, origins, insertions, actions, and types of muscle contractions.
- Nervous System: Central and peripheral nervous systems, reflexes, and sensory receptors.
- Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels, and circulation pathways.
- Lymphatic System: Lymph nodes, vessels, and immune function.
- Respiratory System: Lungs, diaphragm, and breathing mechanics.
- Digestive System: Organs and processes of digestion.
- Endocrine System: Hormones and glands.
- Integumentary System: Skin, hair, and nails.
- Reproductive System: Male and female reproductive anatomy.
2. Kinesiology (20%)
- Muscle Function: Agonists, antagonists, synergists, and stabilizers.
- Range of Motion (ROM): Active, passive, and resisted movements.
- Posture and Alignment: Common postural deviations (e.g., lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis).
- Gait Analysis: Walking patterns and their impact on the body.
- Biomechanics: Lever systems, force, and torque in movement.
3. Pathology (15%)
- Contraindications: Absolute (e.g., deep vein thrombosis) and local (e.g., open wounds).
- Common Pathologies: Arthritis, fibromyalgia, carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, etc.
- Infectious Diseases: HIV/AIDS, hepatitis, and universal precautions.
- Chronic Pain Conditions: Understanding pain pathways and management.
- Medications: How medications may affect massage therapy.
4. Massage and Bodywork Assessment (15%)
- Client Intake: Health history forms, informed consent, and SOAP notes (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan).
- Palpation Skills: Identifying tissue texture, temperature, and tension.
- Range of Motion Testing: Assessing joint mobility.
- Postural Assessment: Identifying imbalances and compensations.
- Special Populations: Adapting techniques for pregnant women, elderly clients, athletes, etc.
5. Massage and Bodywork Techniques (25%)
- Swedish Massage: Effleurage, petrissage, tapotement, friction, and vibration.
- Deep Tissue Massage: Techniques for addressing chronic tension and adhesions.
- Myofascial Release: Releasing fascial restrictions.
- Trigger Point Therapy: Identifying and releasing trigger points.
- Sports Massage: Pre-event, post-event, and maintenance techniques.
- Seated Massage: Techniques for chair massage.
- Energy-Based Modalities: Basics of Reiki, craniosacral therapy, etc.
- Hydrotherapy: Use of hot/cold therapies.
- Stretching Techniques: Active, passive, and PNF stretching.
6. Professional Practices, Ethics, and Legalities (10%)
- Scope of Practice: Understanding what is within and outside a massage therapist's scope.
- Ethical Standards: Confidentiality, boundaries, and client-therapist relationships.
- Laws and Regulations: State licensing requirements, HIPAA compliance, and business laws.
- Professional Communication: Effective communication with clients and healthcare providers.
- Business Practices: Marketing, record-keeping, and insurance billing.
7. Research and Evidence-Based Practice (5%)
- Research Literacy: Understanding peer-reviewed studies and evidence-based practices.
- Outcome Measures: Evaluating the effectiveness of massage techniques.
- Continuing Education: Importance of staying updated with current research and trends.
- Effleurage: A gliding stroke used in Swedish massage.
- Petrissage: Kneading techniques to lift and squeeze muscles.
- Tapotement: Rhythmic tapping or percussion movements.
- Myofascial: Relating to the fascia surrounding muscles.
- Trigger Point: A hyperirritable spot in a muscle associated with pain.
- Contraindication: A condition or factor that makes a particular treatment inadvisable.
- SOAP Notes: A method of documentation (Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan).
- PNF Stretching: Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation, a stretching technique.
- Endangerment Sites: Areas of the body where nerves or blood vessels are close to the surface and require caution during massage.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug