Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : NLN-CNE
Exam Name : NLN Certified Nurse Educator 2025
Vendor Name : Nursing
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NLN-CNE test Format | NLN-CNE Course Contents | NLN-CNE Course Outline | NLN-CNE test Syllabus | NLN-CNE test Objectives


Number of Questions: 150 multiple-choice questions (130 scored, 20 unscored pretest questions).
Time Allotted: 3 hours (180 minutes).
Delivery Method: Computer-based testing at approved testing centers.
Passing Score: Determined using a criterion-referenced method; the exact passing score is not publicly disclosed.

Domain 1: Facilitate Learning
- Implement a variety of active teaching and learning strategies appropriate to:
- content/concepts
- setting
- learner attributes and needs
- learner outcomes
- method of delivery
- Use teaching and learning strategies based on:
- educational theories
- evidence-based practices related to education
- Modify teaching strategies and learning experiences based on consideration of learners:
- diversity
- social determinants of learning
- physical health
- psychosocial health
- economic stability
- physical environment
- social environment
- self-motivation
- past clinical, educational, and life experiences
- Use technologies to support the teaching-learning process
- Communicate effectively to convey ideas in a variety of contexts
- Model reflective thinking practices
- Create opportunities for learners to develop clinical judgment
- Ensure a positive and safe learning environment
- Model attributes that facilitate learning
- caring
- confidence
- patience
- integrity
- respect
- flexibility
- resilience
- enthusiasm
- Develop and maintain effective working relationships with healthcare and education partners
- Apply concepts of evidence-based practice in nursing to guide teaching

Domain 2: Facilitate Learner Development and Socialization

- Identify learner attributes and needs based on consideration of learners':
- diversity
- social determinants of learning
- physical health
- psychosocial health
- economic stability
- physical environment
- social environment
- self-motivation
- past clinical, educational, and life experiences
- Facilitate access to various resources to support diverse learners
- Assist learners to identify and develop a plan to meet professional goals
- Facilitate learners self-reflection, goal setting, and socialization to the role of the nurse
- Engage learners in thoughtful and constructive self and peer evaluation
- Promote professional development of learners

Domain 3: Use Assessment and Evaluation Strategies

- Design and apply formative and summative evaluation strategies
- Implement evidence-based test and evaluation strategies in these learning domains:
- cognitive
- psychomotor
- affective
- Evaluate available methods for learner test and evaluation
- Create test methods to evaluate outcomes
- Implement evaluation methods that are congruent with learner and learning outcomes
- Analyze test and evaluation data
- Apply test and evaluation data to enhance the teaching-learning process
- Inform learners about test and evaluation criteria
- Provide timely, constructive, and thoughtful feedback to learners

Domain 4: Participate in Curriculum Design and Evaluation of Program Outcomes
- Provide input for the development of nursing program standards and policies regarding:
- admission
- progression and retention
- graduation
- Demonstrate knowledge of curriculum development including:
- developing program outcomes and/or competency statements
- writing content objectives and course outcomes
- selecting learning activities and clinical experiences consistent with course outcomes
- designing evaluation strategies consistent with course and program outcomes
- Design the curriculum to reflect:
- institutional philosophy and mission
- current nursing and healthcare trends
- community, clinical partners, and societal needs
- nursing principles, standards, theory, and research
- educational principles, theory, research, and innovation
- use of technology
- mode of educational delivery
- Lead the development of curriculum design
- Lead the development of course design
- Design program evaluation that promotes continuous quality improvement
- Implement the program evaluation plan
- Analyze results of program evaluation
- Revise the curriculum based on evaluation of:
- program outcomes
- learner needs
- societal and health care trends
- stakeholder feedback
- learners
- agency personnel
- accrediting agencies
- advisory boards
- community
- clinical partners
- Implement curricular revisions using change theories and evidence-based strategies
- Evaluate the program evaluation plan

Domain 5: Function as a Change Agent and Leader

- Evaluate organizational effectiveness to determine needed change
- Adapt to changes created by external factors
- Create a culture for change within the nursing program and institution
- Design, implement, and evaluate strategies for change
- Model principles of diversity, equity, and inclusivity when advocating for change
- Serve as a leader to promote nursing and nursing education
- Facilitate interprofessional education and collaboration to impact health and educational outcomes
- Advocate for nursing, nursing education, and higher education
- Manage conflict effectively

Domain 6: Pursue Continuous Quality Improvement in the Academic Nurse Educator Role
- Participate actively in professional nursing and educational organizations
- Demonstrate a commitment to lifelong learning
- Use feedback gained from self, peer, learner, and administrative evaluation to Strengthen role effectiveness
- Stay current with legal practices and ethical codes relevant to nursing and educational settings
- Remain informed with healthcare policy relevant to nursing and educational settings
- Seek mentors for professional development in the academic nurse educator role
- Engage in self-reflection and self-care to Strengthen teaching practices

Domain 7: Engage in Scholarship
- Foster a culture of scholarly inquiry
- Demonstrate qualities of a scholar: integrity, courage, perseverance, vitality, and creativity
- Design and implement scholarly activities
- Disseminate the outcomes of scholarly activities

Domain 8: Function within the Organizational Environment and the Academic Community
- Analyze the impact of social, technological, economic, political, and institutional factors on nursing and higher education
- Apply knowledge of historical and current trends and issues to decision making in nursing and higher education
- Integrate the values of civility, collegiality, professionalism, and caring to build an organizational climate that fosters the development of learners and colleagues
- Demonstrate support of diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives to align with the organizations mission and vision
- Incorporate the mission and goals of the nursing program and the parent institution when managing issues
- Manage the teaching, scholarship, and service demands congruent with the requirements of the institutional setting
- Serve as a leader in governance and activities within the nursing program and/or the parent institution
- Use social media in a manner consistent with professional and institutional guidelines
- Provide input into the budgetary processes of the program and parent institution
- Maintain professional role boundaries as an educator
- Seek opportunities to mentor and support faculty colleagues to optimize role of an academic nurse educator
- Participate in the development of policies and procedures related to learners, faculty, and the educational environment

- Academic, professional, and community service opportunities
- Accreditation, regulatory standards, and policies
- Advisement and counseling strategies
- Change management strategies
- Characteristics and functions of various healthcare teams
- Characteristics of a safe and inclusive learning environment
- Characteristics of change agents
- Communication methods specific to audience and situation
- Community and societal needs
- Conflict resolution methods
- Constructive feedback techniques
- Critical and reflective thinking strategies
- Dissemination of information
- Educational principles, theory, and research
- Educational resources for supporting diverse learners
- Evidence-based teaching strategies specific to learner needs and outcomes
- Formative and summative learner evaluations
- Goal setting
- How to be an advocate
- Identification of personal attributes as a tool to facilitate learning
- Institutional philosophy and mission
- Integration of data into practice (i.e., clinical, educational)
- Interpretation of research literature
- Interprofessional education competencies
- Leadership behaviors in nursing education
- Learning and socialization needs of diverse learners
- Legal and ethical issues in healthcare and higher education
- Measures of organizational effectiveness
- Mentoring principles and methods
- Methods to assess and evaluate learning
- Methods to assess learner needs
- Methods to collaborate with interprofessional teams
- Methods to create collegial working relationships
- Methods to develop clinical judgment in the learner
- Methods to evaluate the learning environment
- Nursing and health care trends
- Organizational structure and governance
- Principles and methods of continuous quality improvement
- Principles and methods of curriculum design and revision
- Principles and methods of program evaluation
- Principles of diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging
- Principles of ongoing professional learning
- Professional development activities
- Professional organizations that support ongoing professional learning
- Professional roles and boundaries
- Qualities of a scholar
- Quality improvement and evidence-based practice methodologies
- Research methodology
- Role modeling
- Role of professional nurse and nurse educator
- Self-care techniques
- Self-evaluation and reflection techniques
- Social determinants of learning
- Socialization process
- Spirit of inquiry
- Strategies to promote a culture of safety and quality
- Student success strategies
- Teaching, scholarship, and service demands
- Technologies and equipment to facilitate learning
- Technology trends in healthcare and higher education
- Test and item analysis
- Test development
- Variations of educational settings and delivery methods



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug