Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 156-315-80
Exam Name : Check Point Certified Security Expert - R80 (156-315.80)
Vendor Name : Checkpoint
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Exam Title : Check Point Certified Security Expert (CCSE) R80
Exam ID : 156-315.80
Exam Duration : 90 mins
Number of Questions : 100
Passing Score : 70%
Exam Center : Pearson VUE
Practice Test Check Point 156-315.80 Certification Practice Test
Objectives:
Perform a backup of a Security Gateway and Management Server using your Understanding of the differences between backups, snapshots, and upgrade-exports.
Upgrade and troubleshoot a Management Server using a database migration.
Upgrade and troubleshoot a clustered Security Gateway deployment.
- Snapshot management
- Upgrade Tools
- Backup Schedule Recommendations
- Upgrade Tools
- Performing Upgrades
- Support Contract
- Install Security Management Server
- Migrating Management server Data
- Importing the Check Point Database
- Launch SmartDashboard
- Upgrading the Security Gateway
Objectives:
Using knowledge of Security Gateway i
nfrastructure, including chain modules, packet flow and kernel tables to describe how to perform debugs on firewall processes. - GUI Clients
- Management
- User and Kernel Mode Processes
- CPC Core Process
- FWM
- FWD
- CPWD
- Inbound and Outbound Packet Flow
- Inbound FW CTL Chain Modules
- Outbound Chain Modules
- Columns in a Chain
- Stateful Inspection
- Connections Table
- Connections Table Format
- Packet Inspection Flow
- Policy Installation Flow
- Policy Installation Process
- Policy Installation Process Flow
- How NAT Works
- Hide NAT Process
- Security Servers
- How a Security Server Works
- Basic Firewall Administration
- Common Commands
- What is FW Monitor
- C2S Connections and S2C Packets fw monitor
- Policy Management and Status
- Verification from the CLI
- Using cpinfo
- Run cpinfo on the Security Management Server
- Analyzing cpinfo in InfoView
- Using fw ctl pstat
- Using tcpdump
Objectives:
Build, test and troubleshoot a ClusterXL Load Sharing deployment on an enterprise network.
Build, test and troubleshoot a ClusterXL High Availability deployment on an enterprise network.
Build, test and troubleshoot a management HA deployment on an enterprise network.
Configure, maintain and troubleshoot SecureXL and CoreXL acceleration solutions on the corporate network traffic to ensure noted performance enhancement on the firewall.
Build, test and troubleshoot a VRRP deployment on an enterprise network.
- VRRP vs ClusterXL
- Monitored Circuit VRRP
- Troubleshooting VRRP
- Clustering Terms
- ClusterXL
- Cluster Synchronization
- Synchronized-Cluster Restrictions
- Securing the Sync Interface
- To Synchronize or Not to Synchronize
- Multicast Load Sharing
- Unicast Load Sharing
- How Packets Travel Through a Unicast
- LS Cluster
- Sticky Connections
- Perform a Manual Failover of the FW Cluster
- Advanced Cluster Configuration
- The Management High Availability Environment
- Active vs. Standby
- What Data is Backed Up=>
- Synchronization Modes
- Synchronization Status
- What SecureXL Does
- Packet Acceleration
- Session Rate Acceleration
- Masking the Source Port
- Application Layer Protocol - An Example with HTTP HTTP 1.1
- Factors that Preclude Acceleration
- Factors that Preclude Templating (Session Acceleration)
- Packet Flow
- VPN Capabilities
- Supported Platforms and Features
- Default Configuration
- Processing Core Allocation
- Allocating Processing Cores
- Adding Processing Cores to the Hardware
- Allocating an Additional Core to the SND
- Allocating a Core for Heavy Logging
- Packet Flows with SecureXL Enabled
- Installing and Configuring the Secondary Security Gateway Re-configuring the Primary Gateway
- Configuring Management Server Routing
- Configuring the Cluster Object
- Testing High Availability
- Installing the Secondary Management Server
- Configuring Management High Availability
Objectives:
Using an external user database such as LDAP, configure User Directory to incorporate user information for authentication services on the network.
Manage internal and external user access to resources for Remote Access or across a VPN.
Troubleshoot user access issues found when implementing Identity Awareness.
- Active Directory OU Structure
- Using LDAP Servers with Check Point
- LDAP User Management with User Directory
- Defining an Account Unit
- Configuring Active Directory Schemas
- Multiple User Directory (LDAP) Servers
- Authentication Process Flow
- Limitations of Authentication Flow
- User Directory (LDAP) Profiles
- Common Configuration Pitfalls
- Some LDAP Tools
- Troubleshooting User Authentication
- Enabling AD Query
- AD Query Setup
- Identifying users behind an HTTP Proxy
- Verifying theres a logged on AD user at the source IP
- Checking the source computer OS
- Using SmartView Tracker
- Creating the Active Directory Object in SmartDashboard
- Verify SmartDashboard Communication with the AD Server
Objectives:
Using your knowledge of fundamental VPN tunnel concepts, troubleshoot a site-to-site or certificate-based VPN on a corporate gateway using IKEView, VPN log files and commandline debug tools.
Optimize VPN performance and availability by using Link Selection and Multiple Entry Point solutions.
Manage and test corporate VPN tunnels to allow for greater monitoring and scalability with multiple tunnels defined in a community including other VPN providers.
- IPsec
- Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
- IKE Key Exchange Process – Phase 1/ Phase 2 Stages
- Connection Initiation
- Link Selection
- How Does MEP Work
- Explicit MEP
- Implicit MEP
- Permanent Tunnels
- Tunnel Testing
- VPN Tunnel Sharing
- Tunnel-Management Configuration
- Permanent-Tunnel Configuration
- Tracking Options
- Advanced Permanent-Tunnel configuration
- VPN Tunnel Sharing Configuration
- VPN Encryption Issues
- vpn debug Command
- vpn debug on | off
- vpn debug ikeon |ikeoff
- vpn Log Files
- vpn debug trunc
- VPN Environment Variables
- vpn Command
- vpn tu
- Comparing SAs
- Configuring Access to the Active Directory Server
- Creating the Certificate
- Importing the Certificate Chain and Generating Encryption Keys
- Installing the Certificate
- Establishing Environment Specific Configuration
- Testing the VPN Using 3rd Party Certificates
- Defining LDAP Users and Groups
- Configuring LDAP User Access
- Defining Encryption Rules
- Defining Remote Access Rules
- Configuring the Client Side
Objectives:
Create Events or use existing event definitions to generate reports on specific network traffic using SmartReporter and SmartEvent in order to provide industry compliance information to management.
Using your knowledge of SmartEvent architecture and module communication, troubleshoot report generation given command-line tools and debug-file information.
- Auditing and Reporting Standards
- SmartEvent Intro
- Component Communication Process
- Event Policy User Interface
- Report Types
- Configure the Network Object in SmartDashboard
- Configuring Security Gateways to work with SmartEvent
- Monitoring Events with SmartEvent
- Generate Reports Based on Activities



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug