Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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F5-Networks 201 : BIG-IP Administrator ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS

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Exam Number : 201
Exam Name : BIG-IP Administrator
Vendor Name : F5-Networks
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201 test Format | 201 Course Contents | 201 Course Outline | 201 test Syllabus | 201 test Objectives


This test is about network administrators, network operators, and network engineers a functional understanding of the BIG-IP system as it is commonly deployed in an application delivery network. The test introduces students to the BIG-IP system, its configuration objects, how it processes traffic, and how typical administrative and operational activities are performed. The test includes lecture, hands-on labs, interactive demonstrations, and discussions.

Exam Objectives

Describe the role of the BIG-IP system as a full proxy device in an application delivery network
Set up, start/restart/stop, license, and provision the BIG-IP system out-of-the-box
Create a basic network configuration on the BIG-IP system including VLANs and self IPs
Use the Configuration utility and TMSH to manage BIG-IP resources such as virtual servers, pools, pool members, nodes, profiles, and monitors
Create, restore from, and manage BIG-IP archives
View resource status, availability, and statistical information and use this information to determine how the BIG-IP system is currently processing traffic
Use profiles to manipulate the way the BIG-IP system processes traffic through a virtual server
Perform basic troubleshooting and problem determination activities including using the iHealth diagnostic tool
Support, and view traffic flow using TCPDUMP
Understand and manage user roles and partitions
Configure and manage a sync-failover device group with more than two members
Configure stateful failover using connection mirroring and persistence mirroring

Exam Contents

Getting started with the BIG-IP system
Traffic processing with BIG-IP Local Traffic Manager (LTM)
Using TMSH (TMOS Shell) command line interface
Using NATs and SNATs
Monitoring application health and managing object status
Modifying traffic behavior with profiles, including SSL offload and re-encryption
Modifying traffic behavior with persistence, including source address affinity and cookie persistence
Troubleshooting the BIG-IP system, including logging (local, high-speed, and legacy remote
logging), and using TCPDUMP
User roles and administrative partitions
vCMP concepts
Configuring high availability (including active/standby and connection and persistence mirroring)

Default admin/root accounts passwords are now expired by default on new installations. A discussion on this change of behavior is now available, and labs have been updated accordingly.
The Cookie persistence section and labs are no longer included in this exam. This content has been moved to the Configuring LTM curriculum.
A new chapter, Configuring and Managing a High Availability Environment (formerly in the Configuring LTM class) is now included in this exam.
The iRules chapter has been removed from this exam.

Setting Up the BIG-IP System

Introducing the BIG-IP System
Initially Setting Up the BIG-IP System
Configuring the Management Interface
Activating the Software License
Provisioning Modules and Resources
Importing a Device Certificate
Specifying BIG-IP Platform Properties
Configuring the Network
Configuring Network Time Protocol (NTP) Servers
Configuring Domain Name System (DNS) Settings
Configuring High Availability Options
Archiving the BIG-IP Configuration
Leveraging F5 Support Resources and Tools

Traffic Processing Building Blocks

Identifying BIG-IP Traffic Processing Objects
Configuring Virtual Servers and Pools
Load Balancing Traffic
Viewing Module Statistics and Logs
Using the Traffic Management Shell (TMSH)
Understanding the TMSH Hierarchical Structure
Navigating the TMSH Hierarchy
Managing BIG-IP Configuration State and Files
BIG-IP System Configuration State
Loading and Saving the System Configuration
Shutting Down and Restarting the BIG-IP System
Saving and Replicating Configuration Data (UCS and SCF)

Using NATs and SNATs

Address Translation on the BIG-IP System
Mapping IP Addresses with NATs
Solving Routing Issues with SNATs
Configuring SNAT Auto Map on a Virtual Server
Monitoring for and Mitigating Port Exhaustion

Monitoring Application Health

Introducing Monitors
Types of Monitors
Monitor Interval and Timeout Settings
Configuring Monitors
Assigning Monitors to Resources
Managing Pool, Pool Member, and Node Status
Using the Network Map

Modifying Traffic Behavior with Profiles

Introducing Profiles
Understanding Profile Types and Dependencies
Configuring and Assigning Profiles
Introducing SSL Offload and SSL Re-Encryption
Managing Object State

Modifying Traffic Behavior with Persistence

Understanding the Need for Persistence
Introducing Source Address Affinity Persistence
Managing Object State

Administering the BIG-IP System

Configuring Logging
Legacy Remote Logging
Introducing High Speed Logging (HSL)
High-Speed Logging Filters
HSL Configuration Objects
Configuring High Speed Logging
Using TCPDUMP on the BIG-IP System
Leveraging the BIG-IP iHealth System
Viewing BIG-IP System Statistics
Defining User Roles and Administrative Partitions
Leveraging vCMP

Configuring High Availability

Introducing Device Service Clustering (DSC)
Preparing to Deploy a DSC Configuration
Configuring DSC Communication Settings
Establishing Device Trust
Establishing a Sync-Failover Device Group
Synchronizing Configuration Data
Exploring Traffic Group Behavior
Understanding Failover Managers and Triggers
Achieving Stateful Failover with Mirroring



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug