Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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LPI 300-100 : LPIC-3 test 300: Mixed Environments, version 1.0 Practice Tests

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Exam Number : 300-100
Exam Name : LPIC-3 test 300: Mixed Environments, version 1.0
Vendor Name : LPI
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300-100 test Format | 300-100 Course Contents | 300-100 Course Outline | 300-100 test Syllabus | 300-100 test Objectives

Exam Title :
LPIC-3 Mixed Environment

Exam ID :
300-100

Exam Duration :
90 mins

Questions in test :
60

Passing Score :
500 / 800

Exam Center :
LPI Marketplace

Real Questions :
LPI LPIC-3 Real Questions

VCE VCE test :
LPI 300-100 Certification VCE Practice Test

Topic 390: OpenLDAP Configuration

390.1 OpenLDAP Replication

Description: Candidates should be familiar with the server replication available with OpenLDAP.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Replication concepts

- Configure OpenLDAP replication

- Analyze replication log files

- Understand replica hubs

- LDAP referrals

- LDAP sync replication

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

- master / slave server

- multi-master replication

- consumer

- replica hub

- one-shot mode

- referral

- syncrepl

- pull-based / push-based synchronization

- refreshOnly and refreshAndPersist

- replog

390.2 Securing the Directory

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure encrypted access to the LDAP directory, and restrict access at the firewall level.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Securing the directory with SSL and TLS

- Firewall considerations

- Unauthenticated access methods

- User / password authentication methods

- Maintanence of SASL user DB

- Client / server certificates

Terms and Utilities:

- SSL / TLS

- Security Strength Factors (SSF)

- SASL

- proxy authorization

- StartTLS

- iptables

390.3 OpenLDAP Server Performance Tuning

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be capable of measuring the performance of an LDAP server, and tuning configuration directives.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Measure OpenLDAP performance

- Tune software configuration to increase performance

- Understand indexes

Terms and Utilities:

- index

- DB_CONFIG

Topic 391: OpenLDAP as an Authentication Backend

391.1 LDAP Integration with PAM and NSS

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to configure PAM and NSS to retrieve information from an LDAP directory.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure PAM to use LDAP for authentication

- Configure NSS to retrieve information from LDAP

- Configure PAM modules in various Unix environments

Terms and Utilities:

- PAM

- NSS

- /etc/pam.d/

- /etc/nsswitch.conf

391.2 Integrating LDAP with Active Directory and Kerberos

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to integrate LDAP with Active Directory Services.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Kerberos integration with LDAP

- Cross platform authentication

- Single sign-on concepts

- Integration and compatibility limitations between OpenLDAP and Active Directory

Terms and Utilities:

- Kerberos

- Active Directory

- single sign-on

- DNS

Topic 392: Samba Basics

392.1 Samba Concepts and Architecture

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should understand the essential concepts of Samba. As well, the major differences between Samba3 and Samba4 should be known.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand the roles of the Samba daemons and components

- Understand key issues regarding heterogeneous networks

- Identify key TCP/UDP ports used with SMB/CIFS

- Knowledge of Samba3 and Samba4 differences

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

- /etc/services

- Samba daemons: smbd, nmbd, samba, winbindd

392.2 Configure Samba

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to configure the Samba daemons for a wide variety of purposes.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Knowledge of Samba server configuration file structure

- Knowledge of Samba variables and configuration parameters

- Troubleshoot and debug configuration problems with Samba

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- smb.conf parameters

- smb.conf variables

- testparm

- secrets.tdb

392.3 Regular Samba Maintenance

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should know about the various tools and utilities that are part of a Samba installation.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Monitor and interact with running Samba daemons

- Perform regular backups of Samba configuration and state data
Terms and Utilities:

- smbcontrol

- smbstatus

- tdbbackup

392.4 Troubleshooting Samba

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should understand the structure of trivial database files and know how troubleshoot problems.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure Samba logging

- Backup TDB files

- Restore TDB files

- Identify TDB file corruption

- Edit / list TDB file content

Terms and Utilities:

- /var/log/samba/

- log level

- debuglevel

- smbpasswd

- pdbedit

- secrets.tdb

- tdbbackup

- tdbdump

- tdbrestore

- tdbtool

392.5 Internationalization

Weight: 1

Description: Candidates should be able to work with internationalization character codes and code pages.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand internationalization character codes and code pages

- Understand the difference in the name space between Windows and Linux/Unix with respect to share, file and directory names in a non-English environment

- Understand the difference in the name space between Windows and Linux/Unix with respect to user and group naming in a non-English environment

- Understand the difference in the name space between Windows and Linux/Unix with respect to computer naming in a non-English environment

Terms and Utilities:

- internationalization

- character codes

- code pages

- smb.conf

- dos charset, display charset and unix charset

Topic 393: Samba Share Configuration

393.1 File Services

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to create and configure file shares in a mixed environment.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Create and configure file sharing

- Plan file service migration

- Limit access to IPC$

- Create scripts for user and group handling of file shares

- Samba share access configuration parameters

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- [homes]

- smbcquotas

- smbsh

- browseable, writeable, valid users, write list, read list, read only and guest ok

- IPC$

- mount, smbmount

393.2 Linux File System and Share/Service Permissions

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should understand file permissions on a Linux file system in a mixed environment.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Knowledge of file / directory permission control

- Understand how Samba interacts with Linux file system permissions and ACLs

- Use Samba VFS to store Windows ACLs

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- chmod, chown

- create mask, directory mask, force create mode, force directory mode

- smbcacls

- getfacl, setfacl

- vfs_acl_xattr, vfs_acl_tdb and vfs objects

393.3 Print Services

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to create and manage print shares in a mixed environment.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Create and configure printer sharing

- Configure integration between Samba and CUPS

- Manage Windows print drivers and configure downloading of print drivers

- Configure [print$]

- Understand security concerns with printer sharing

- Uploading printer drivers for Point’n’Print driver installation using ‘Add Print Driver Wizard’ in Windows

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- [print$]

- CUPS

- cupsd.conf

- /var/spool/samba/.

- smbspool

- rpcclient

- net

Topic 394: Samba User and Group Management

394.1 Managing User Accounts and Groups

Weight: 4

Description: Candidates should be able to manage user and group accounts in a mixed environment.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Manager user and group accounts

- Understand user and group mapping

- Knowledge of user account management tools

- Use of the smbpasswd program

- Force ownership of file and directory objects

Terms and Utilities:

- pdbedit

- smb.conf

- samba-tool user (with subcommands)

- samba-tool group (with subcommands)

- smbpasswd

- /etc/passwd

- /etc/group

- force user, force group.

- idmap

394.2 Authentication, Authorization and Winbind

Weight: 5

Description: Candidates should understand the various authentication mechanisms and configure access control. Candidates should be able to install and configure the Winbind service.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Setup a local password database

- Perform password synchronization

- Knowledge of different passdb backends

- Convert between Samba passdb backends

- Integrate Samba with LDAP

- Configure Winbind service

- Configure PAM and NSS

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- smbpasswd, tdbsam, ldapsam

- passdb backend

- libnss_winbind

- libpam_winbind

- libpam_smbpass

- wbinfo

- getent

- SID and foreign SID

- /etc/passwd

- /etc/group

Topic 395: Samba Domain Integration

395.1 Samba as a PDC and BDC

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to setup and maintain primary and backup domain controllers. Candidates should be able to manage Windows/Linux client access to the NT-Style domains.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand and configure domain membership and trust relationships

- Create and maintain a primary domain controller with Samba3 and Samba4

- Create and maintain a backup domain controller with Samba3 and Samba4

- Add computers to an existing domain

- Configure logon scripts

- Configure roaming profiles

- Configure system policies

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- security mode

- server role

- domain logons

- domain master

- logon script

- logon path

- NTConfig.pol

- net

- profiles

- add machine script

- profile acls

395.2 Samba4 as an AD compatible Domain Controller

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to configure Samba 4 as an AD Domain Controller.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Configure and test Samba 4 as an AD DC

- Using smbclient to confirm AD operation

- Understand how Samba integrates with AD services: DNS, Kerberos, NTP, LDAP

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- server role

- samba-tool domain (with subcommands)

- samba

395.3 Configure Samba as a Domain Member Server

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be able to integrate Linux servers into an environment where Active Directory is present.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Joining Samba to an existing NT4 domain

- Joining Samba to an existing AD domain

- Ability to obtain a TGT from a KDC

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- server role

- server security

- net command

- kinit, TGT and REALM

Topic 396: Samba Name Services

396.1 NetBIOS and WINS

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be familiar with NetBIOS/WINS concepts and understand network browsing.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand WINS concepts

- Understand NetBIOS concepts

- Understand the role of a local master browser

- Understand the role of a domain master browser

- Understand the role of Samba as a WINS server

- Understand name resolution

- Configure Samba as a WINS server

- Configure WINS replication

- Understand NetBIOS browsing and browser elections

- Understand NETBIOS name types

Terms and Utilities:

- smb.conf

- nmblookup

- smbclient

- name resolve order

- lmhosts

- wins support, wins server, wins proxy, dns proxy

- domain master, os level, preferred master

396.2 Active Directory Name Resolution

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be familiar with the internal DNS server with Samba4.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand and manage DNS for Samba4 as an AD Domain Controller

- DNS forwarding with the internal DNS server of Samba4

Terms and Utilities:

- samba-tool dns (with subcommands)

- smb.conf

- dns forwarder

- /etc/resolv.conf

- dig, host

Topic 397: Working with Linux and Windows Clients

397.1 CIFS Integration

Weight: 3

Description: Candidates should be comfortable working with CIFS in a mixed environment.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Understand SMB/CIFS concepts

- Access and mount remote CIFS shares from a Linux client

- Securely storing CIFS credentials

- Understand features and benefits of CIFS

- Understand permissions and file ownership of remote CIFS shares

Terms and Utilities:

- SMB/CIFS

- mount, mount.cifs

- smbclient

- smbget

- smbtar

- smbtree

- findsmb

- smb.conf

- smbcquotas

- /etc/fstab

397.2 Working with Windows Clients

Weight: 2

Description: Candidates should be able to interact with remote Windows clients, and configure Windows workstations to access file and print services from Linux servers.

Key Knowledge Areas:

- Knowledge of Windows clients

- Explore browse lists and SMB clients from Windows

- Share file / print resources from Windows

- Use of the smbclient program

- Use of the Windows net utility

Terms and Utilities:

- Windows net command

- smbclient

- control panel

- rdesktop

- workgroup

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug

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Cyber-Kosten:

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Latest 2025 Updated LPI LPIC-3 test 300: Mixed Environments, version 1.0 Syllabus
300-100 question bank with Premium PDF and Test Engine

Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee