Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 300-725
Exam Name : Securing the Web with Cisco Web Security Appliance (SWSA)
Vendor Name : Cisco
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EXAM CODE: 300-725
EXAM NAME: Securing the Web with Cisco Web Security Appliance SWSA
EXAM DURATION: 90

MAJOR TOPICS
- Proxy services
- Authentication
- Decryption policies
- Differentiated traffic access policies and identification policies
- Acceptable use control settings
- Malware defense
- Data security and data loss prevention

OBJECTIVE OF EXAM
- Describe Cisco WSA
- Deploy proxy services
- Utilize authentication
- Describe decryption policies to control HTTPS traffic
- Understand differentiated traffic access policies and identification profiles
- Enforce acceptable use control settings
- Defend against malware
- Describe data security and data loss prevention
- Perform administration and troubleshooting

- Describing Cisco WSA
- Technology Use Case
- Cisco WSA Solution
- Cisco WSA Features
- Cisco WSA Architecture
- Proxy Service
- Integrated Layer 4 Traffic Monitor
- Data Loss Prevention
- Cisco Cognitive Intelligence
- Management Tools
- Cisco Advanced Web Security Reporting (AWSR) and Third-Party Integration
- Cisco Content Security Management Appliance (SMA)
- Deploying Proxy Services
- Explicit Forward Mode vs. Transparent Mode
- Transparent Mode Traffic Redirection
- Web Cache Control Protocol
- Web Cache Communication Protocol (WCCP) Upstream and Downstream Flow
- Proxy Bypass
- Proxy Caching
- Proxy Auto-Config (PAC) Files
- FTP Proxy
- Socket Secure (SOCKS) Proxy
- Proxy Access Log and HTTP Headers
- Customizing Error Notifications with End User Notification (EUN) Pages
- Utilizing Authentication
- Authentication Protocols
- Authentication Realms
- Tracking User Credentials
- Explicit (Forward) and Transparent Proxy Mode
- Bypassing Authentication with Problematic Agents
- Reporting and Authentication
- Re-Authentication
- FTP Proxy Authentication
- Troubleshooting Joining Domains and Test Authentication
- Integration with Cisco Identity Services Engine (ISE)
- Creating Decryption Policies to Control HTTPS Traffic
- Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Inspection Overview
- Certificate Overview
- Overview of HTTPS Decryption Policies
- Activating HTTPS Proxy Function
- Access Control List (ACL) Tags for HTTPS Inspection
- Access Log Examples
- Understanding Differentiated Traffic Access Policies and Identification Profiles
- Overview of Access Policies
- Access Policy Groups
- Overview of Identification Profiles
- Identification Profiles and Authentication
- Access Policy and Identification Profiles Processing Order
- Other Policy Types
- Access Log Examples
- ACL Decision Tags and Policy Groups
- Enforcing Time-Based and Traffic Volume Acceptable Use Policies, and End User Notifications
- Defending Against Malware
- Web Reputation Filters
- Anti-Malware Scanning
- Scanning Outbound Traffic
- Anti-Malware and Reputation in Policies
- File Reputation Filtering and File Analysis
- Cisco Advanced Malware Protection
- File Reputation and Analysis Features
- Integration with Cisco Cognitive Intelligence
- Enforcing Acceptable Use Control Settings
- Controlling Web Usage
- URL Filtering
- URL Category Solutions
- Dynamic Content Analysis Engine
- Web Application Visibility and Control
- Enforcing Media Bandwidth Limits
- Software as a Service (SaaS) Access Control
- Filtering Adult Content
- Data Security and Data Loss Prevention
- Data Security
- Cisco Data Security Solution
- Data Security Policy Definitions
- Data Security Logs
- Performing Administration and Troubleshooting
- Monitor the Cisco Web Security Appliance
- Cisco WSA Reports
- Monitoring System Activity Through Logs
- System Administration Tasks
- Troubleshooting
- Command Line Interface
- References
- Comparing Cisco WSA Models
- Comparing Cisco SMA Models
- Overview of Connect, Install, and Configure
- Deploying the Cisco Web Security Appliance Open Virtualization Format (OVF) Template
- Mapping Cisco Web Security Appliance Virtual Machine (VM) Ports to Correct Networks
- Connecting to the Cisco Web Security Virtual Appliance
- Enabling Layer 4 Traffic Monitor (L4TM)
- Accessing and Running the System Setup Wizard
- Reconnecting to the Cisco Web Security Appliance
- High Availability Overview
- Hardware Redundancy
- Introducing Common Address Redundancy Protocol (CARP)
- Configuring Failover Groups for High Availability
- Feature Comparison Across Traffic Redirection Options
- Architecture Scenarios When Deploying Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug