Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 305-300
Exam Name : LPIC-3 Virtualization and Containerization
Vendor Name : LPI
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305-300 exam Format | 305-300 Course Contents | 305-300 Course Outline | 305-300 exam Syllabus | 305-300 exam Objectives


- virtualization terminology
- pros and cons of virtualization
- various variations of Hypervisors and Virtual Machine Monitors
- major aspects of migrating physical to virtual machines
- major aspects of migrating virtual machines between host systems
- features and implications of virtualization for a virtual machine, such as snapshotting, pausing, cloning and resource limits
- oVirt, Proxmox, systemd-machined and VirtualBox
- Open vSwitch

- Hypervisor
- Hardware Virtual Machine (HVM)
- Paravirtualization (PV)
- Emulation and Simulation
- CPU flags
- /proc/cpuinfo
- Migration (P2V, V2V)


- architecture of Xen, including networking and storage
- Basic configuration of Xen nodes and domains
- Basic management of Xen nodes and domains
- Basic troubleshooting of Xen installations
- XAPI
- XenStore
- Xen Boot Parameters
- xm utility

- Domain0 (Dom0), DomainU (DomU)
- PV-DomU, HVM-DomU
- /etc/xen/
- xl
- xl.cfg
- xl.conf
- xentop

- architecture of QEMU, including KVM, networking and storage
- Start QEMU instances from the command line
- Manage snapshots using the QEMU monitor
- Install the QEMU Guest Agent and VirtIO device drivers
- Troubleshoot QEMU installations, including networking and storage
- important QEMU configuration parameters

- Kernel modules: kvm, kvm-intel and kvm-amd
- /dev/kvm
- QEMU monitor
- qemu
- qemu-system-x86_64
- ip
- brctl
- tunctl


- architecture of libvirt
- Manage libvirt connections and nodes
- Create and manage QEMU and Xen domains, including snapshots
- Manage and analyze resource consumption of domains
- Create and manage storage pools and volumes
- Create and manage virtual networks
- Migrate domains between nodes
- how libvirt interacts with Xen and QEMU
- how libvirt interacts with network services such as dnsmasq and radvd
- libvirt XML configuration files
- virtlogd and virtlockd

- libvirtd
- /etc/libvirt/
- virsh (including relevant subcommands)

- Understand features of various virtual disk image formats, such as raw images, qcow2 and VMDK
- Manage virtual machine disk images using qemu-img
- Mount partitions and access files contained in virtual machine disk images using libguestfish
- Copy physical disk content to a virtual machine disk image
- Migrate disk content between various virtual machine disk image formats
- Awareness of Open Virtualization Format (OVF)

- qemu-img
- guestfish (including relevant subcommands)
- guestmount
- guestumount
- virt-cat
- virt-copy-in
- virt-copy-out
- virt-diff
- virt-inspector
- virt-filesystems
- virt-rescue
- virt-df
- virt-resize
- virt-sparsify
- virt-p2v
- virt-p2v-make-disk
- virt-v2v
- virt-sysprep


- concepts of system and application container
- analyze kernel namespaces
- analyze control groups
- analyze capabilities
- role of seccomp, SELinux and AppArmor for container virtualization
- LXC and Docker leverage namespaces, cgroups, capabilities, seccomp and MAC

- principle of runc
- principle of CRI-O and containerd
- OCI runtime and image specifications
- Kubernetes Container Runtime Interface (CRI)
- podman, buildah and skopeo
- other container virtualization approaches in Linux and other free operating systems, such as rkt, OpenVZ, systemd-nspawn or BSD Jails

- nsenter
- unshare
- ip (including relevant subcommands)
- capsh
- /sys/fs/cgroups
- /proc/[0-9]+/ns
- /proc/[0-9]+/status

- architecture of LXC and LXD
- Manage LXC containers based on existing images using LXD, including networking and storage
- Configure LXC container properties
- Limit LXC container resource usage
- Use LXD profiles
- LXC images
- Awareness of traditional LXC tools
- lxd
- lxc (including relevant subcommands)


- architecture and components of Docker
- Manage Docker containers by using images from a Docker registry
- images and volumes for Docker containers
- logging for Docker containers
- networking for Docker
- Use Dockerfiles to create container images
- Run a Docker registry using the registry Docker image

- dockerd
- /etc/docker/daemon.json
- /var/lib/docker/
- docker
- Dockerfile

- relevance of container orchestration
- key concepts of Docker Compose and Docker Swarm
- key concepts of Kubernetes and Helm
- Awareness of OpenShift, Rancher and Mesosphere DC/OS

- Understand common offerings in public clouds
- Basic feature knowledge of OpenStack
- Basic feature knowledge of Terraform
- Awareness of CloudStack, Eucalyptus and OpenNebula
- IaaS, PaaS, SaaS
- OpenStack
- Terraform

- Understand the functionality and features of Packer
- Create and maintain template files
- Build images from template files using different builders
- packer

- features and concepts of cloud-init, including user-data, initializing and configuring cloud-init
- Use cloud-init to create
- resize and mount file systems
- configure user accounts
- including login credentials such as SSH keys and install software packages from the distributions repository
- Integrate cloud-init into system images
- Use config drive datasource for testing
- cloud-init
- user-data
- /var/lib/cloud/

- Vagrant architecture and concepts, including storage and networking
- Retrieve and use boxes from Atlas
- Create and run Vagrantfiles
- Access Vagrant virtual machines
- Share and synchronize folder between a Vagrant virtual machine and the host system
- Vagrant provisioning, i.e. File and Shell provisioners
- multi-machine setup
- vagrant
- Vagrantfile



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug