Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 4A0-N01
Exam Name : Nuage Networks VCS Fundamentals
Vendor Name : Nokia
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4A0-N01 test Format | 4A0-N01 Course Contents | 4A0-N01 Course Outline | 4A0-N01 test Syllabus | 4A0-N01 test Objectives


Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Platform (VSP) Fundamentals course presents the technology, techniques, and best practices for implementing a software defined networking (SDN) solution for datacenters. The course begins with an explanation of the traditional datacenter network architecture, its limitations, and the drivers and evolution of network virtualization. The Nuage Networks software and hardware-based products and SDN solutions are covered in detail. Emphasis is placed on common SDN use cases and implementation of common SDN services/applications on the Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Platform. Cloud orchestration and integration of cloud management systems are also introduced. Students will conduct practical hands-on lab exercises throughout the course to ensure implementation-level knowledge of Nuage Networks products and SDN service solutions.

Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Platform Fundamentals.
Exam number 4A0-N01

COURSE OBJECTIVES After completing the course, students should be able to: ■■ Describe the traditional datacenter architecture and its limitations
■■ Describe the evolution of network virtualization
■■ Describe the Nuage Networks SDN solutions
■■ Explain common Nuage Networks SDN use cases
■■ Deploy common SDN services and applications on Nuage Networks VSP
■■ Explain the concept of cloud orchestration and how different cloud management systems are integrated with Nuage Networks
■■ Explain the concept of virtualization in the datacenter and the role of SDN and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
■■ Describe the basics of hypervisors and common hypervisor technologies
■■ Explain the Nuage Networks virtualization solution and its value proposition
■■ Describe the Nuage Networks VSP and its software suite
■■ Explain cloud service network instantiation with Nuage Networks
■■ Explain the purpose of the Virtualized Services Directory (VSD)
■■ Explain the function and key components of the Nuage Networks SDN controller — the Virtualized Services Controller (VSC)
Describe the Nuage Networks Virtual Routing & Switching (VRS) agent and the virtual line card concept
■■ Explain the function and network position of the Nuage
Networks Virtualized Services Gateway (VSG)
■■ Describe the hardware-based 7850 VSG/VSA and the software-based Virtualized Routing and Switching Gateway (VRS-G)
■■ Describe the function and network position of the Nokia 7750 SR Datacenter Gateway and its integration into the Nuage Networks architecture
■■ Explain the security and forwarding policies provided by the Nuage Networks VSP and how to deploy them
■■ Describe service chaining and how to deploy service chaining in the Nuage Networks VSP
■■ Describe the Layer 2 and Layer 3 datacenter interconnect solutions and how to deploy them
■■ Describe the QoS and statistics policy options on the Nuage Networks VSP
■■ Explain how QoS policies are configured and enforced
■■ Describe shared network concepts such as floating IPs, public zone and how to implement them
■■ Explain the Layer 2 (L2) connectivity model in Nuage Networks VSP and how to instantiate L2 connectivity between VMs
■■ Describe Nuage Networks VSG/VRS-G function and how to instantiate connectivity between VMs and physical servers
■■ Describe the virtual machine (VM) migration workflow and implement VM migration using Nuage Networks VSP
■■ Explain what a cloud management system is and the two models for cloud management system (CMS) integration with the VSD and VRS
■■ Describe the various management architectures (Openstack, vCenter, vCloud, CloudStack) and their integration with Nuage Networks
■■ Describe the Nokia NFV solution and the CloudBand™ solution, and their benefits

COURSE MODULES
Module 1 – Datacenter Network Architecture
■■ Virtualization in the datacenter
■■ Virtualized network in the datacenter
■■ Nuage Networks datacenter
Module 2 – Product Introduction
■■ Nuage Networks product portfolio introduction
■■ Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Directory (VSD)
■■ Nuage Networks Virtualized Services Controller (VSC) and Virtual Routing and Switching (VRS)
■■ Nuage Networks Gateway (7850 Virtualized Services Gateway and Virtualized Routing and Switching Gateway)
■■ Nokia 7750 Datacenter Gateway
Module 3 – Use Cases
■■ Security and forwarding policy
■■ Service chaining
■■ Datacenter interconnection
■■ QoS and statistics policy
■■ Shared network
■■ Layer 2 domain
■■ Baremetal integration
■■ Virtual machine (VM) migration
Module 4 – Cloud Orchestration
■■ Cloud orchestration overview
■■ CMS integration
■■ Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and
■ Nokia CloudBand



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug