Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : 5V0-31.22
Exam Name : VMware Cloud Foundation Specialist (v2)
Vendor Name : Vmware
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5V0-31.22 test Format | 5V0-31.22 Course Contents | 5V0-31.22 Course Outline | 5V0-31.22 test Syllabus | 5V0-31.22 test Objectives


- Identify NSX Federation components and architecture
- Identify use cases for multiple clusters in a workload domain.
- Identify the characteristics of Spherelet.
- Identify the use case of NSX Federation in VMware Cloud Foundation.
- Identify the functions of supervisor cluster control plane.

- requirements for deploying VMware Cloud Foundation.
- considerations for management domain sizing.
- considerations for workload domain sizing.
- design considerations for ESXi in management and VI workload domains.
- design considerations for vCenter in management and VI workload domains.

- components or steps during the VMware Cloud Foundation bring-up process.
- information required for the Planning and Preparation Workbook.
- information required for the Deployment Parameter Workbook.
- components of the NSX Management, Control, or Data planes.

- design considerations for workload domains with shared NSX Manager instances.
- design considerations for workload domains with dedicated NSX Manager instances.
- NSX Edge cluster requirements for vSphere with Tanzu.
- steps for data plane preparation for NSX-T Data Center Edge nodes in a workload domain.

- Given a scenario, identify design considerations for vSphere networking in management and VI workload domains.
- Given a scenario, identify design considerations for storage in management and VI workload domains.
- Given a scenario, identify the difference between design choices for a consolidated design or standard design.
- Identify workload domain prerequisites.
- Identify the prerequisites for vSphere with Tanzu cluster compatibility.
- Identify the role of external service availability.

- Given a scenario, identify the requirements for the stretched cluster use case.
- Identify stretched cluster components.
- Identify what is validated in the configuration validation process performed by VMware Cloud Builder.
- Given a scenario, identify how to image a host.
- Given a scenario, identify how to configure user access to VMware Cloud Foundation.
- Given a scenario, identify NSX Edge cluster deployment considerations.

- Identify the functions of vSphere with Tanzu namespaces.
- Identify the functions of NSX-T networking components.
- Given a scenario, identify the control plane VM management networking requirements.
- Given a scenario, identify the appropriate IP address CIDR ranges for pod, ingress, and egress networking.
- Given a scenario, identify the steps to deploy vSphere with Kubernetes.
- Given a scenario, identify the storage options for VMware Cloud Foundation.

- Identify the available CA options in SDDC Manager.
- Given a scenario, identify NSX Edge cluster placement considerations.
- Given a scenario, identify the connectivity options for supplemental storage.
- Identify the characteristics of scaling vSAN clusters in VMware Cloud Foundation.
- Given a scenario, identify suitable storage policies for a workload domain cluster.

- Identify the components that can be supported and upgraded using SDDC manager / vRSLCM.
- Given a scenario, identify available options for online and offline bundle obtain using SDDC manager / vRSLCM.
- Identify the function of vSphere Lifecycle Management in VMware Cloud Foundation.
- Identify the characteristics of vSphere Lifecycle Manager Baseline-based and Image-based Clusters.
- Identify the order of upgrade for VMware Cloud Foundation components.
- Identify steps in the SDDC Manager backup and restore process.

- Given a scenario, identify the requirements to perform a full recovery for a VCF deployment.
- Given a scenario, identify how to upgrade VMware Cloud Foundation software and components.
- Identify the steps to perform checks and create log bundles with the SoS tool.
- Given a scenario, identify how to manage passwords in VMware Cloud Foundation including supported components and options.
- Given a VMware component, identify which, when, or how to assign license keys.
- Given a VMware component, identify how to replace a expiring license.

- Identify the steps to create a workload domain.
- Identify the steps to scale a workload domain.
- Identify the steps to delete a workload domain.
- Identify the steps to decommission hosts.
- Identify the steps to create a vSphere namespace.

- Identify the steps to configure limits and permissions for a vSphere namespace.
- Identify the steps to enable Harbor Image Registry.
- Identify the characteristics of mapping between storage policies and Kubernetes storage classes.
- Identify the characteristics of persistent volumes.
- Identify the steps to replace and install certificates for VMware Cloud Foundation components.
- Identify the function of VMware Cloud Foundation services.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug