Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Prepare for the CAP Exam

ISA offers a variety of resources to help you prepare for the Certified Automation Professional (CAP®) exam.

Primary Textbook

A Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge is the primary text resource for the CAP exam and provides a complete overview of all technical topics. Order the Guide to the Automation Body of Knowledge.

Study Guide

The CAP Study Guide is a comprehensive self-study resource that contains a list of the CAP domains and tasks, 75 review Dumps complete with justifications. References that were used for each study guide question are also provided with the question. The Study Guide also includes a recommended list of publications that you can use to do further study on specific domains. Order the CAP Study Guide.

Review Courses

A CAP review course is available in several formats as preparation for taking the certification exam. This course is offered by ISA and can also be offered at your location.

ISA also has a variety of training courses that would be helpful in preparing for CAP. Visit the Automation Professional Training page for a complete list.

Additional Resources Exam Topics

Basic Continuous Control: Process Instrumentation, Analytical Instrumentation, Continuous Control, Control Valves, Analog Communications, Control System Documentation, Control Equipment

Basic Discrete, Sequencing, and Manufacturing Control: Discrete Input & Output Devices and General Manufacturing Measurements, Discrete and Sequencing Control, Motor and Drive Control, Motion Control

Advanced Control Topics: Process Modeling, Advanced Process Control, Control of Batch Processes, Environmental, Environmental Monitoring, Building Automation

Reliability, Safety, and Electrical: Alarm Management, Reliability, Process Safety and Safety Instrumented Systems, Electrical Installations, Safe Use and Application of Electrical Apparatus

Integration and Software: Digital Communications, Industrial Networks, Manufacturing Execution Systems and Business Integration, System and Network Security, Operator Interface, Data Management, Software, Custom Software

Deployment and Maintenance: Operator Training, Checkout, System Testing, and Startup, Troubleshooting, Maintenance, Long-Term Support and System Management

Work Structure: Automation Benefits and Project Justifications, Project Management and Execution, Interpersonal Skills

CAP sample Questions

Questions on the exam were derived from the actual practice of automation professionals as outlined in the CAP Role Delineation Study and job task analysis. Using interviews, surveys, observation, and group discussions, ISA worked with automation professionals to delineate critical job components to develop exam specifications to determine the number of questions related to each domain and task tested. This rigorous program development and ongoing maintenance process ensures that CAP certification accurately reflects the skills and knowledge needed to excel as an automation professional.

The following six questions were taken from the CAP exam question item bank and serve as examples of the question type and question content found on the CAP exam.

The method by which the tasks and hazards associated with a machine or process are analyzed is known as:

A. Risk exam.

B. Machine exam.

C. Risk reduction.

D. Risk abatement.

To test controller tuning or prototype new control strategies offline, the model should be a(an):

A. Tie-back (loopback) simulation.

B. Artificial neural network.

C. Dynamic process simulation.

D. Steady state process simulation.

The temperature measurement with the BEST repeatability and resolution is the:

A. Thermocouple.

B. Resistance temperature detector (RTD).

C. Dial thermometer.

D. Capillary system.

Which of the following is NOT a variable speed drive setup parameter?

A. Acceleration rate.

B. Motor winding type.

C. Output frequency.

D. Maximum speed.

A complete test plan for system integration testing MUST include:

A. Comments for the application programmer.

B. Multiple test cases for each mode of operation.

C. At least five test cases for each test.

D. Expected results for each test case.

Frequency of maintenance should be determined by:

A. Failure rates of components.

B. Availability of personnel and parts.

C. Management targets for efficiency and productivity.

D. Effectiveness of maintenance personnel.

Sample Questions Answer Key Question Number Correct Answer Exam Content Outline 1 A Domain 1, Task 4 2 C Domain 2, Task 2 3 B Domain 3, Task 3 4 B Domain 4, Task 7 5 C Domain 5, Task 5 6 A Domain 6, Task 2

Mastering Single Best Answer Questions for the Part 2 MRCOG Exam

This comprehensive question-and-answer resource covers all aspects of the curriculum for the Part 2 MRCOG examination. Candidates are given the opportunity to practise the Single Best Answer question style, to cover the content they will encounter in the examination and to assess their knowledge. As consultants actively engaged in the writing of the Part 2 Single Best Answers, the authors and editor have provided directly applicable questions. Candidates to review the syllabus in an organised, systematic manner, with comprehensive explanations for each answer. This title also includes new sections on ethics, training, audit and clinical governance. Mock exams are also available online to familiarise candidates with the real-life examination. The detailed answers, evidence and comprehensive list of references offer an excellent training and studying source for all candidates preparing for the Part 2 MRCOG examination.

Questions are written according to the RCOG Single Best Answer format, giving candidates the opportunity to practise this type of question

Edited by a past member of the Single Best Answer writing committee, the book contains the most accurate information on the style and standard of questions

Online mock exams provide candidates with the opportunities to practise questions in a realistic environment

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Date Published: March 2018

format: Paperback

isbn: 9781316621561

length: 290 pages

dimensions: 240 x 162 x 16 mm

weight: 0.49kg

contains: 1 b/w illus.

availability: Available

Table of Contents

1. Early pregnancy2. Second and third trimester pregnancy3. Aneuploidy and anomaly screening4. Labour ward management5. Obstetric emergencies Ahmed Elbohoty6. Obstetric medicine Amy Shacaluga7. Saving mothers lives Roshni R. Patel8. Infections in pregnancy9. Substance abuse and domestic abuse Tamara Kubba10. Teenage pregnancy Ahmed Khalil11. Contraception12. Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology13. Genital infections and pelvic inflammatory disease Ahmed Khalil14. Minimal access gynaecological surgery Nahed Shaltot15. Gynaecological oncology16. Menstruation Radwa Mansour17. Pelvic pathology Akanksha Sood18. Urogynaecology19. Conception and assisted reproduction Magdy El-Sheikh20. Medical statistics21. Professional dilemmas, consent and good medical practice Irene Gafson22. Ethics Wafaa Basta23. Breast disorders Youssef Abo Elwan24. Neonatology25. Operative gynaecology and surgical complications26. Training and clinical governance in obstetrics and gynaecology Bismeen Jadoon.

Look Inside

Marketing Excerpt (102 KB)

Table of Contents (45 KB)

Front Matter (130 KB)

Index (99 KB)

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Please use locked resources responsibly and exercise your professional discretion when choosing how you share these materials with your students. Other instructors may wish to use locked resources for exam purposes and their usefulness is undermined when the source files (for example, solution manuals or test banks) are shared online or via social networks.

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Authors

Adel Elkady, Police Force Hospital, CairoAdel Elkady is a Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at the Police Force Hospital, Cairo and Honorary Consultant at the Boulak ElDaKror Hospital, Giza, Egypt. He is the author of the previous bestselling Mastering Short Answer Questions for the Part 2 MRCOG (2009).

Bashir Dawlatly, Whipps Cross University Hospital, LondonBashir Dawlatly is a Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist at Whipps Cross University Hospital, London and course organiser of the Whipps Cross MRCOG courses. He regularly teaches in the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) Enhanced Revision Programme for overseas candidates.

Mustafa Hassan Ahmed, Southend University HospitalMustafa Hassan Ahmed is an Obstetrics and Gynaecology Fellow at Southend University Hospital. He organises online MRCOG Part 2 mock exams and online Part 3 courses, and is also an organiser of international MRCOG Part 2 and 3 live courses.

Alexandra Rees, University Hospital WalesAlexandra Rees is an Honorary Consultant and Faculty Lead for Quality, Postgraduate Medical Education at the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff. She has served on Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG) committees including the SBA Writing Committee and Part 2 MCQ Committee and has been a DRCOG and a MRCOG Part 2 examiner.

Contributors

Ahmed Elbohoty, Amy Shacaluga, Roshni R. Patel, Tamara Kubba, Ahmed Khalil, Nahed Shaltot, Radwa Mansour, Akanksha Sood, Magdy El-Sheikh, Irene Gafson, Wafaa Basta, Youssef Abo Elwan, Bismeen Jadoon

Exam advice

A typical examination question in Mathematics will have several parts to it. Some parts (most usually at the beginning of the question) test your knowledge, by asking you to reproduce "bookwork", i.e. material presented in the lectures. Really, these parts test how well you've revised. Occasionally, especially in certain more advanced courses, there are entire questions that are bookwork. In some courses, some pieces of bookwork come up in the exam almost every year. In other courses, hardly any bookwork is set explicitly.

Tip: Figure out which pieces of bookwork come up most frequently, and make sure you can answer those questions easily and quickly.

You would be surprised how many poor attempts at routine bookwork questions they see every year. These are the parts of the questions that they expect students to be able to do.

Other parts of examination questions involve a "problem". In a "Methods" course, this will typically involve you applying a known technique from the course, and again this is something they expect you to be able to do. In a Pure Mathematics course, you might be asked to prove a result, or to apply a result in a particular setting.

Tip: Sometimes (but certainly not always!), the first part of the question is intended as a big hint as to how you should approach the second part.

Many exam questions, especially those that are otherwise very routine, have a last part (a "rider") which is more challenging than the rest of the question. This is quite deliberate, and the intention is to test whether you've really understood the material.

Tip: Do try all the riders (they're not always so hard after all!) but don't waste too much time on them in an exam if there are other things you can tackle instead.

Students sometimes seem to be annoyed that they have to do something clever to get 100% on a question. Don't forget, in many other subjects it's practically impossible to score 100% on a question!

Tip: Make sure you've answered all the parts of the question. Sometimes you're asked to do seven or eight things, and it's easy to overlook one.

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug