Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : AACE-CCP
Exam Name : Certified Cost Professional (CCP)
Vendor Name : AACE
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AACE-CCP exam Format | AACE-CCP Course Contents | AACE-CCP Course Outline | AACE-CCP exam Syllabus | AACE-CCP exam Objectives
Exam Code: AACE CCP
Exam Name: Certified Cost Professional (CCP)
Total number of questions: 119 simple and complex multiple-choice questions, plus one written memo question integrated in the exam.
Time Allotted: Candidates have up to 5 hours to complete the entire exam (multiple-choice + memo).
Question Type: Multiple-choice
Passing Marks: You must achieve an overall result of at least 70% to pass the CCP exam.
1. Introduction and AACE CCP Certification Overview
This domain establishes the professional standards and the ethical framework for cost engineering.
- Total Cost Management (TCM): The systematic process of managing cost throughout the life cycle of any enterprise, program, facility, project, product, or service.
- Professional Ethics: AACE Code of Ethics, conflict of interest, and professional obligations.
- AACE Recommended Practices (RPs): Familiarity with standard documents like 10S-90 (Cost Engineering Terminology).
2. Cost Fundamentals
The building blocks of cost management, focusing on how costs are categorized and captured.
- Cost Elements: Direct vs. Indirect costs, Variable vs. Fixed costs, and Sunk costs.
- Labor Cost: Wage rates, fringe benefits, burdens, and labor productivity.
- Material Cost: Waste, spoilage, and freight/handling.
- Pricing vs. Costing: The difference between what it costs to produce and the market price charged.
- Activity-Based Costing (ABC): Assigning overhead and indirect costs to specific activities.
3. Cost Estimating
Focuses on the methodologies used to predict the cost of a project at various stages of development.
- AACE Estimate Classification: Class 5 (Conceptual) to Class 1 (Definitive/Check Estimate).
- Estimating Methods:
- Parametric: Using statistical relationships (e.g., cost per square foot).
- Analogous: Using historical data from similar past projects.
- Bottom-Up: Detailed breakdown of every component.
- Basis of Estimate (BOE): Documenting the scope, assumptions, and exclusions of an estimate.
- Factored Estimating: Using equipment-to-total cost ratios (e.g., Lang Factors).
4. Planning and Scheduling
The integration of time with cost, focusing on the Critical Path Method (CPM).
- Work Breakdown Structure (WBS): A hierarchical decomposition of the total scope of work.
- Network Logic: Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM), Lead/Lag, and Constraints.
- Float/Slack: Total Float (delay without affecting project finish) vs. Free Float.
- Schedule Compression: Crashing (adding resources) and Fast-Tracking (overlapping tasks).
- Resource Leveling: Adjusting the schedule to address resource over-allocation.
5. Project and Cost Control
The process of measuring performance against a baseline to drive decision-making.
- Earned Value Management (EVM):
- PV (Planned Value): Budgeted cost of work scheduled.
- EV (Earned Value): Budgeted cost of work performed.
- AC (Actual Cost): Cost actually incurred.
- Performance Indices: CPI (Cost Performance Index) and SPI (Schedule Performance Index).
- Forecasting: Estimate at Completion (EAC) and Estimate to Complete (ETC).
- Variance Analysis: Cost Variance (CV) and Schedule Variance (SV).
6. Project Management
Broader management principles that intersect with cost engineering.
- Contract Types: Fixed Price, Cost-Reimbursable, and Time & Materials (T&M).
- Change Management: Managing deviations from the project baseline (Change Orders).
- Value Engineering (VE): Improving value by analyzing function while maintaining quality and cost.
- Quality Management: The cost of quality (prevention, appraisal, and failure costs).
- Project Leadership: Organizational structures (Matrix, Functional, Projectized) and team dynamics.
7. Economic Analysis, Statistics, Probability and Risk
The quantitative side of decision-making and uncertainty management.
- Economic Analysis:
- Time Value of Money (TVM): Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Simple/Compound Interest.
- Depreciation: Straight-line vs. Accelerated methods (MACRS).
- Break-even Analysis: Finding the point where total cost equals total revenue.
- Statistics & Probability:
- Descriptive Statistics: Mean, Median, Mode, and Standard Deviation.
- Probability Distributions: Normal, Beta, and Triangular distributions used in estimating.
- Risk Management:
- Risk Identification: SWOT analysis and Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS).
- Quantitative Risk Analysis: Monte Carlo Simulation and Expected Monetary Value (EMV).
- Risk Response: Avoid, Transfer, Mitigate, or Accept.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
