Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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ACA CCN : Certified Corrections Nurse (CCN) exam MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : ACA-CCN
Exam Name : Certified Corrections Nurse (CCN)
Vendor Name : ACA
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ACA-CCN exam Format | ACA-CCN Course Contents | ACA-CCN Course Outline | ACA-CCN exam Syllabus | ACA-CCN exam Objectives


Exam Code: ACA-CCN
Exam Name: ACA Certified Corrections Nurse
Issuing Organization: American Correctional Association (ACA)
Type: Computer-based or paper-based (depending on testing location).
Number of Questions: 200 multiple-choice questions
Time Limit: 240 minutes (4 hours)
Passing Score: Determined by a standard-setting process (exact passing percentage may vary).

- Correctional Nursing Fundamentals
- Role of the Correctional Nurse:
- Scope of practice
- ethical considerations
- professional standards
- Legal and Regulatory Issues:
- Constitutional rights of inmates (8th Amendment, deliberate indifference).
- HIPAA in corrections.
- PREA (Prison Rape Elimination Act).
- State and federal regulations.
- Documentation & Risk Management:
- Proper charting
- incident reporting
- liability prevention

- Patient Assessment & Triage
- Initial Health Screening: Intake exams, suicide risk evaluation.
- Chronic Disease Management: Diabetes, hypertension, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis in incarcerated populations.
- Emergency Care: Recognizing life-threatening conditions (overdose, withdrawal, trauma).
- Mental Health Assessments: Identifying psychosis, depression, and suicidal ideation.

- Common Medical Conditions in Corrections
- Infectious Diseases:
- TB testing and prevention.
- HIV/AIDS management.
- Hepatitis B/C.
- MRSA and other infections.
- Chronic Illnesses: Managing asthma, COPD, cardiovascular disease.
- Womens Health: Pregnancy, menstruation, and gynecological care.
- Geriatric Care: Age-related conditions in long-term inmates.

- Mental Health & Substance Abuse
- Behavioral Health Interventions:
- Crisis de-escalation techniques.
- Suicide prevention protocols.
- Substance Withdrawal Management:
- Alcohol withdrawal (CIWA protocol).
- Opioid withdrawal (COWS scale).
- Stimulant intoxication/withdrawal.
- Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT):
- Methadone
- buprenorphine
- naltrexone

- Medication Administration & Pharmacology
- Formulary Restrictions: Limited medication options in corrections.
- Observed Therapy (DOT): Ensuring medication compliance.
- Controlled Substances: Security, diversion prevention.
- Side Effect Monitoring: Antipsychotics, opioids, and other high-risk medications.

- Emergency Preparedness & Crisis Response
- Code Blue/Medical Emergencies: Responding to cardiac arrest, seizures.
- Restraints & Use of Force: Medical monitoring during restraints.
- Environmental Hazards: Heat/cold exposure, cell extractions.

- Ethical & Cultural Considerations
- Patient Advocacy: Balancing security vs. healthcare needs.
- Cultural Competency: Working with diverse inmate populations.
- End-of-Life Care: Hospice in prison settings.

- Correctional Facility Operations
- Security Protocols: Escorts, lockdown procedures.
- Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Working with COs, mental health staff, and providers.
- Quality Improvement: Audits, infection control, and continuous improvement.

- Deliberate Indifference Failure to provide adequate medical care, violating 8th Amendment rights.
- PREA: Prison Rape Elimination Act (mandates reporting/response to sexual assaults).
- DOT: Directly Observed Therapy (e.g., for TB treatment).
- CIWA/COWS: Clinical scales for alcohol/opioid withdrawal.
- Formulary: Approved medication list in corrections (often restrictive).
- Sick Call: Inmate request for medical attention.
- Use of Force Security actions requiring medical exam post-event.

- GENERAL/OFFENDER MANAGEMENT
- Communicating and working with offenders
- Verbal and nonverbal communication skills/techniques
- Diversity of correctional populations

- SECURITY/ENVIRONMENT
- Controlling offender behavior
- Contraband
- Searches
- Disciplinary actions
- Personal liability
- Security program
- Emergency response procedures
- Counts
- Transport of offenders

- STANDARDS AND ACCREDITATION
- Terminology: outcome measures, expected practices, process indications, protocols
- Elements of performance-based standards

- LEGAL
- Legal terminology
- Landmark Supreme Court decisions that affect correctional health care
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- American with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA)
- Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)
- Torts
- Habeas corpus
- Offender lawsuits
- Constitutional amendments affecting corrections
- Issues surrounding suicide

- NURSING PRACTICE
- Security training for nurses
- Health care training for correctional staff
- Roles and responsibilities for correctional nurses and private health care providers
- Offenders rights and level of health care
- Barriers to correctional health care
- Infectious diseases

- MENTAL HEALTH
- Mental health exams
- Suicide issues
- Crisis intervention
- Mental health standards
- HEALTH CARE
- Health care issues in corrections
- History of correctional health care
- Health screening



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug