Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : ACCNS-AG
Exam Name : Acute Care Clinical Nurse Specialist - Adult Gerontology
Vendor Name : AACN
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ACCNS-AG test Format | ACCNS-AG Course Contents | ACCNS-AG Course Outline | ACCNS-AG test Syllabus | ACCNS-AG test Objectives
Exam Code: ACCNS-AG
Exam Name: Acute Care Clinical Nurse Specialist - Adult Gerontology
Exam format: Computer-based, linear (fixed form)
Number of Questions: 175 multiple choice questions
Number of scored items: 150 scored questions (25 are unscored “pretest” items used for statistical data)
Time allotted: 3½ hours (3.5 hours)
Passing score / cut score: 94 correct out of the 150 scored items
Certification valid for: 5 years
Cardiovascular
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Acute inflammatory disease (e.g., myocarditis,endocarditis, pericarditis)
- Cardiac surgery
- On-pump
- Off-pump
- Valve procedures
- Hybrid procedures
- Revascularization procedures
- Cardiac tamponade
- Cardiac trauma (blunt and penetrative)
- Cardiogenic shock
- Cardiomyopathies (e.g., hypertrophic, dilated,restrictive, idiopathic)
- Coronary artery disease
- 9Dyslipidemia
- Dysrhythmias
- Heart failure
- Acute
- Chronic
- Advanced
- Hypertension
- Hypertensive urgencies or emergencies
- Peripheral vascular insufficiency (e.g., acutearterial occlusion, carotid artery stenosis,endarterectomy, peripheral stents andFem-Pop bypass)
- Pulmonary edema
- Ruptured or dissecting aneurysm
- Structural heart defects and disease (acquiredand congenital)
- Mechanical circulatory support
- IABP
- VA ECMO
- VV ECMO
- Impella
- LVAD
Respiratory
- Acute pulmonary embolus
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
- Acute respiratory failure
- Air-leak syndromes (e.g., pneumothorax,pulmonary interstitial emphysema,pneumopericardium, pneumomediastinum)
- Airway obstruction (e.g., angioedema, mucusplug, air space-occupying lesions)
- Aspiration
- Asthma/reactive airway disease
- Chronic lung disease (e.g., COPD exacerbation,interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis)
- Chronic respiratory failure (e.g., ventilatordependency)
- Obstructive sleep apnea
- Pulmonary hemorrhage
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension
- Pulmonary infections (e.g., pneumonia,tuberculosis)
- Thoracic surgery (e.g., lung reduction,pneumonectomy, lobectomy, tracheal, lungtransplant)
- Thoracic and pulmonary trauma andinjuries (e.g., lung contusions, fractured ribs,hemothorax)
- Restrictive lung disease (e.g., obesityhypoventilation, tumor metastasis, pulmonaryfibrosis)
- Pleural effusion
Endocrine/Hematology/Gastrointestinal/Renal/Integumentary
- Endocrine
- Adrenal disorders
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemichyperosmolar state (HHS)
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypoglycemia
- 6Pituitary disorders
- Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
- Diabetes insipidus (DI)
- Thyroid disorders
- Hematology/Immunology/Oncology
- AIDS and HIV
- Anemias (e.g., microcytic, macrocytic)
- Autoimmune diseases
- Coagulopathies (e.g., VTE, DIC,hypercoagulable states)
- Congenital and acquired immunosuppression
- HELLP syndrome
- Myelosuppression (e.g., neutropenia, anemia,thrombocytopenia)
- Sickle cell disease
- Gastrointestinal
- Abdominal trauma
- GI hemorrhage
- Bowel infarction/obstruction/perforation
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Gastrointestinal infectious disorders
- GI motility disorders (e.g., constipation,diarrhea, ileus, gastroparesis)
- GI surgeries
- Hepatorenal syndrome
- Liver disease (e.g., hepatitis, hepatic failure)
- Malnutrition
- Nausea/vomiting
- Pancreatitis
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Renal/Genitourinary
- Acute kidney injury (AKI)
- Chronic kidney disease (CKD)
- Contrast-induced nephropathy
- Electrolyte imbalances
- Fluid volume imbalances
- Incontinence
- Infections (e.g., UTI, PID, STIs)
- GU Trauma
- Integumentary
- Exfoliative skin disorders (e.g., StevensJohnson syndrome)
- Extravasation
- Pressure injuries
- Wounds (surgical and nonsurgical)
Musculoskeletal/Neurology/Psychosocial
- Musculoskeletal
- Mobility disorders (e.g., immobility, debilitysecondary to acute, chronic or critical illness)
- Infections (e.g., necrotizing fasciitis,osteomyelitis)
- Neuromuscular dysfunction related to illness
- Osteoarthritis
- Spinal disease (e.g., scoliosis, kyphosis, discdisease)
- Musculoskeletal trauma
- Neurology
- Brain death
- Cerebral salt wasting
- Encephalopathy
- Head and brain trauma/injury
- Hydrocephalus
- Intracranial hypertension
- Intracerebral hemorrhage
- Neurologic infectious diseases
- Seizure disorders
- Space-occupying lesions
- Spinal cord injury
- Stroke
- Vascular malformation
Psychosocial/Behavioral/Cognitive Health Issues
- Aggression
- Agitation
- Anxiety disorders (e.g., PTSD, OCD, fears,phobias)
- Capacity for decision-making
- Delirium
- Dementia
- Maltreatment
- Medical nonadherence
- Mood disorders (e.g., depression)
- Personality disorders (e.g., anti-socialbehaviors, schizophrenia)
- Post-ICU syndrome
- Substance use disorder
- Suicidal behavior
Factors Influencing Health Status (risk exam, prevention and wellness)
- Advance care planning
- Cancer prevention (e.g., tobacco cessation,sunscreen)
- Caregiver burden
- Life stage transitions
- Immunizations
- Mental health screenings (e.g., depression,suicidal ideation, eating disorders)
- Nutrition and weight management
- Pain prevention and management
- Prudent heart living
- Risk-taking behaviors (e.g., substance use,unprotected sex)
- Secondary prevention (e.g., cardiac rehab,pulmonary rehab)
- Sleep hygiene
- Vulnerable population screens(e.g., intimate partner violence, human trafficking)
- Social determinants of health (e.g., access to care, socioeconomic factors, health literacy)
- Population health
- Team-based care
Multisystem
- Acid-base imbalances
- Bariatric care issues
- Burns
- Compartment syndrome
- Distributive shock (e.g., anaphylaxis,neurogenic)
- End-of-life issues
- Failure to thrive
- Hospital-acquired conditions (e.g., CAUTI,CLABSI, falls, pressure injuries)
- Hypovolemic shock
- Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
- Infectious diseases (e.g., viral, bacterial)
- Methemoglobinemia
- Multisystem trauma
- Nonfatal drowning
- Pain
- Palliative care issues
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Sensory impairment (e.g., hearing loss)
- Sepsis/septic shock and MODS
- Toxic exposures, ingestions and inhalations(e.g., overdose, carbon monoxide, lead,asbestos)
- Transgender care issues
- Withdrawal (e.g., alcohol, opioids,benzodiazepines)
- Antimicrobial stewardship
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
