Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ACF-CEC
Exam Name : ACF Certified Executive Chef 2025
Vendor Name : ACF
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ACF-CEC exam Format | ACF-CEC Course Contents | ACF-CEC Course Outline | ACF-CEC exam Syllabus | ACF-CEC exam Objectives


Exam Code: ACF-CEC
Exam Name: Certified Executive Chef
Format: 100 multiple-choice questions.
Duration: 90 minutes.
Topics Weighting (approximate, based on ACF guidelines):
- Food Safety and Sanitation: 20-25%
- Culinary Nutrition: 15-20%
- Supervisory Management: 20-25%
- Culinary Techniques and Knowledge: 25-30%
- Beverage Management and Cost Control: 10-15%
Passing Score: 75% or higher.

Written Exam: A 100-question multiple-choice test (90 minutes) that evaluates theoretical knowledge across key culinary and management domains.
Practical Exam: A hands-on exam where candidates demonstrate advanced culinary techniques, sanitation practices, and organizational skills in a timed kitchen setting.
To qualify, candidates must meet prerequisites such as:

A combination of education (e.g., an Associates Degree in Culinary Arts or equivalent) and work experience (e.g., five years in a supervisory role within the past ten years).
Completion of mandatory 30-hour courses in Nutrition, Food Safety and Sanitation, and Supervisory Management (with 8-hour refreshers if taken over five years ago).

1. Culinary Fundamentals
- Cooking Techniques:
- Mastery of advanced methods such as braising
- poaching
- grilling
- roasting
- sautéing
- steaming
- sous-vide
- Flavor Development:
- Understanding seasoning
- balancing flavors (sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami)
- use of herbs, spices, and aromatics.
- Knife Skills:
- Proficiency in cuts like julienne
- brunoise
- chiffonade
- tournée
- emphasis on speed
- accuracy
- safety
- Stock and Sauce Preparation:
- Knowledge of classic mother sauces
- béchamel
- velouté
- espagnole
- tomato
- hollandaise
- and their derivatives, as well as reductions, emulsions, and jus.
- Protein Fabrication:
- Butchery skills for meat
- poultry
- fish
- portioning
- filleting
- trimming
- Garde Manger:
- Techniques for charcuterie
- terrines
- pâtés
- cold food presentations

2. Food Safety and Sanitation
- HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points):
- Principles for identifying and controlling food safety hazards throughout the production process.
- Cross-Contamination:
- Prevention methods, including proper storage, handling, and equipment sanitation.
- Temperature Control:
- Safe cooking
- holding
- cooling temperatures
- 165°F/74°C for poultry
- 41°F/5°C or below for refrigeration
- Pathogens:
- Understanding bacteria
- Salmonella
- E. coli)
- viruses
- parasites
- prevention through hygiene and proper cooking
- ServSafe Standards:
- Compliance with industry-recognized food safety protocols
- personal hygiene
- allergen management
- cleaning schedules.

3. Culinary Nutrition
- Nutritional Components:
- Knowledge of
- macronutrients
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- fats
- micronutrients
- vitamins
- minerals
- their roles in diet
- Dietary Guidelines:
- Application of USDA guidelines and adaptations for special diets
- gluten-free
- low-sodium
- vegetarian
- Menu Planning:
- Creating balanced menus that meet nutritional needs while maintaining flavor and presentation.
- Caloric Content:
- Calculating and adjusting recipes for caloric intake and portion control.
- Food Labeling:
- Understanding nutritional labeling requirements and ingredient transparency.

4. Supervisory Management
- Leadership Skills:
- Techniques for motivating staff
- resolving conflicts
- fostering teamwork in a kitchen environment
- Human Resources:
- Recruitment
- training
- scheduling
- performance evaluation of kitchen personnel
- Cost Control:
- Budgeting
- inventory management
- food cost percentage calculations
- Food Cost % = [Cost of Goods Sold / Sales] × 100)
- waste reduction strategies
- Menu Engineering:
- Analyzing menu profitability
- popularity to optimize offerings
- stars
- plowhorses
- puzzles
- dogs
- Operational Efficiency:
- Streamlining workflows
- managing time
- ensuring compliance with labor laws

5. Beverage Management
- Pairing Principles:
- Matching wines
- beers
- spirits with food based on flavor profiles and textures
- Beverage Costing:
- Calculating pour costs
- pricing drinks
- managing beverage inventory
- Service Standards:
- Proper storage
- temperature
- presentation of alcoholic
- non-alcoholic beverages
- Trends:
- Awareness of current beverage trends
- such as craft cocktails
- mocktails
- sustainable sourcing

- À la Minute:
- Cooking to order
- emphasizing freshness and speed
- Bain-Marie:
- A double boiler used for gentle heating or keeping food warm.
- Brigade de Cuisine:
- The traditional kitchen hierarchy
- chef de cuisine
- sous chef
- commis
- Deglaze:
- Adding liquid to a pan to loosen browned bits for sauce-making.
- Emulsion:
- A mixture of two immiscible liquids
- oil and vinegar in vinaigrette
- FIFO (First In, First Out):
- Inventory rotation method to ensure freshness.
- Mirepoix: A flavor base of diced onions, carrots, and celery.
- Roux: A cooked mixture of flour and fat used as a thickening agent.
- Sous Chef:
- Second-in-command in the kitchen
- often responsible for daily operations
- Yield Percentage:
- The usable portion of an ingredient after trimming
- Yield % = [Usable Weight / Original Weight] × 100).



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug