Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ACF-CMC
Exam Name : Certified Master Chef (CMC)
Vendor Name : ACF
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ACF-CMC test Format | ACF-CMC Course Contents | ACF-CMC Course Outline | ACF-CMC test Syllabus | ACF-CMC test Objectives


Exam Name: Certified Master Chef (CMC)
Issuing Organization: American Culinary Federation (ACF)
Level: Advanced (Highest professional certification in ACF)
Target Audience: Experienced executive chefs, culinary educators, and high-level culinary professionals.
Total Duration: 8 consecutive days (approx. 8-10 hours per day)
Number of Sections: 5 major practical components (each with multiple tasks)
Passing Score: Minimum 75% in each section (no averaging across sections)
Classical Cuisine (5-course menu)
International Cuisine (3-course menu from assigned country)
Garde Manger (Charcuterie, pâté, terrines, buffet display)
Baking & Pastry (Desserts, bread, laminated dough)
Freestyle Cooking (Market basket challenge)

Work Performance – Kitchen Score – 35%
- Cooking Techniques and Fundamentals – 40%
- Mise en Place/Organization – 15%
- Professionalism – 10%
- Utilization of Ingredients – 20%
- Work Flow – 15%

Tasting and Presentation – 65%
- Menu Formatting – 2%
- Achieving Stated Menu – 3%
- Constructing Profiles – Maintaining Food Integrity – 5%
- Developing Flavor Profiles – 40%
- Food Placement/Presenting Food – 10%
- Achieving Nutritional Balance/Plate Composition – 5%


- Culinary Knowledge & Theory
- Classical & Modern Cuisine
- French mother sauces & derivatives
- Haute cuisine vs. Nouvelle cuisine
- Global culinary influences (Asian, Mediterranean, Latin, etc.)
- Food Science & Chemistry
- Maillard reaction, emulsification, gelatinization
- Sous-vide, spherification, fermentation
- Culinary Terminology
- French culinary terms (e.g., mise en place, brunoise, chiffonade)
- Modern techniques (e.g., sous-vide, dehydration, hydrocolloids)

- Knife Skills & Fabrication
- Knife Cuts (Accuracy & Consistency)
- Julienne, brunoise, batonnet, paysanne
- Tourné (turned vegetables)
- Protein Fabrication
- Breaking down whole poultry, fish (e.g., filleting a round fish)
- Butchering primal cuts (e.g., beef tenderloin, lamb rack)
- Shellfish Preparation
- Deveining shrimp, shucking oysters, cleaning squid

- Cooking Techniques & Methods
- Dry Heat Methods
- Roasting, grilling, sautéing, frying (deep, shallow, pan)
- Moist Heat Methods
- Poaching, braising, steaming, sous-vide
- Combination Cooking
- Stewing, braising, confit

- Stocks, Sauces & Soups
- Stocks
- White, brown, fish (fumet), vegetable
- Proper reduction & gelatin content
- Sauces
- Five mother sauces (Béchamel, Velouté, Espagnole, Tomato, Hollandaise)
- Derivatives (e.g., Mornay, Choron, Sauce Robert)
- Soups
- Clear (consommé clarification), cream, bisque, chowder

- Garde Manger (Cold Kitchen)
- Charcuterie
- Forcemeats (pâté, terrine, galantine, roulade)
- Curing & smoking (dry cure vs. brine)
- Salads & Dressings
- Emulsified dressings (vinaigrette, mayonnaise-based)
- Composition & plating
- Cheese & Hors dOeuvres
- Cheese varieties (bloomy rind, washed rind, blue)
- Canapés, amuse-bouche

- Baking & Pastry Fundamentals
- Doughs & Batters
- Pâte à choux, puff pastry, shortcrust
- Egg-Based Desserts
- Crème brûlée, sabayon, soufflé
- Chocolate & Sugar Work
- Tempering chocolate, sugar pulling

- Nutrition & Dietary Restrictions
- Nutrition Basics
- Macronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats)
- Micronutrients (vitamins, minerals)
- Special Diets
- Gluten-free, vegan, keto, allergies (e.g., nut-free)

- Food Safety & Sanitation
- HACCP Principles
- Critical control points in food handling
- Temperature Control
- Danger zone (41°F–135°F / 5°C–57°C)
- Proper storage (FIFO, cross-contamination prevention)

- Menu Planning & Cost Control
- Menu Engineering
- Profitability analysis (stars, plowhorses, puzzles, dogs)
- Food Costing
- Calculating food cost percentage, yield testing
- Mise en place – Preparation & organization before cooking
- Bain-marie – Water bath for gentle heating
- Liaison – Thickening agent (e.g., egg yolks & cream)
- Nappe – Sauce consistency that coats the back of a spoon
- Sous-vide – Precision low-temperature cooking in vacuum seal

- Classical vs. Modern Cuisine
- Classical French Cuisine (Haute Cuisine)
- Escoffiers brigade system & standardized recipes
- Emphasis on mother sauces, consommés, and elaborate presentations
- Nouvelle Cuisine (Modern)
- Lighter sauces, shorter cooking times, artistic plating
- Influences from Japanese (kaiseki), Nordic (foraging), and molecular gastronomy

- Food Science & Chemistry
- Maillard Reaction (Browning of proteins)
- Critical in searing meats, baking bread
- Emulsification (Stable mixing of fat + water)
- Examples: Mayonnaise (oil + egg yolk), Hollandaise (butter + egg yolk)
- Gelatinization & Starches

- How cornstarch, arrowroot, and roux thicken sauces
- Modern Techniques
- Sous-vide: Precision temperature control (e.g., 145°F for 2 hrs for medium-rare beef)
- Spherification: Sodium alginate + calcium bath (e.g., "fake caviar")

- Culinary Terminology (Must-Know Terms)
- Mirepoix Aromatics (onions, carrots, celery) Base for stocks/sauces
- Chiffonade Thinly sliced herbs/leaves Basil for garnish
- Concassé Peeled, seeded, diced tomatoes Used in sauces
- Lardon Small strip of bacon fat Adds flavor to salads
- Escoffier, Carême, Bocuse) and global techniques (e.g., tandoor, wok hei, sous-vide).

- Knife Skills & Fabrication
- Knife Cuts (Accuracy Graded)
- Cut Dimensions Use
- Brunoise 1/8" x 1/8" x 1/8" Garnish for consommé
- Julienne 1/8" x 1/8" x 2" Stir-fry vegetables
- Tourné 7-sided, 2" long Classic French presentation

- Protein Fabrication (Hands-On Test)
- Poultry:
- Breaking down a whole chicken into 8 pieces (wings, thighs, breasts)
- Removing sinew from tenderloin
- Fish:
- Filleting a round fish (e.g., salmon) with minimal waste
- Removing pin bones with tweezers
- Meat:
- Frenching a lamb rack (clean bone exposure)
- Trimming beef tenderloin (silverskin removal)

- Cooking Techniques & Methods
- Dry Heat Methods
- Method Definition Example Dish
- Sauté Quick cook in minimal fat Sautéed mushrooms
- Grill High heat with char marks Grilled ribeye
- Deep-Fry Submerged in hot oil (350°F) Crispy fried chicken

- Moist Heat Methods
- Method Definition Example Dish
- Poach Gentle simmer in liquid (160–180°F) Poached eggs
- Braise Slow cook in liquid (tough cuts) Braised short ribs
- Sous-vide Vacuum-sealed, precise temp Perfect medium-rare steak

- Stocks, Sauces & Soups
- Mother Sauces & Derivatives
- Sauce Base Derivative
- Béchamel Milk + roux Mornay (add cheese)
- Velouté White stock + roux Allemande (add egg yolk)
- Hollandaise Butter + egg yolk Béarnaise (add tarragon)
- Consommé Clarification
- Raft Method:
- Ground meat + egg whites + mirepoix
- Simmer gently, straining for crystal-clear broth

- Garde Manger (Cold Kitchen)
- Focus: Charcuterie, salads, and hors d'oeuvres.
- Charcuterie
- Forcemeats:
- Pâté (coarse texture)
- Terrine (layered, cooked in mold)

- Curing:
- Dry cure (salt + spices, e.g., pancetta)
- Wet cure (brine, e.g., corned beef)

- Plating Techniques
- Modern vs. Classical Presentation
- Classic: Symmetrical, structured
- Modern: Asymmetrical, "organic" look

- Baking & Pastry Fundamentals
- Doughs & Batters
- Pâte à Choux (Cream puffs, gougères)
- Puff Pastry (Laminated dough for vol-au-vents)

- Egg-Based Desserts
- Crème Brûlée (Proper torching for caramelized sugar)
- Soufflé (Proper egg white folding for rise)
- Overworking dough = tough pastry (e.g., gluten development in pie crust).

- Nutrition & Dietary Restrictions
- Gluten-Free Alternatives (Almond flour, xanthan gum)
- Vegan Substitutes (Aquafaba for egg whites)
- Know common allergens (peanuts, shellfish, dairy).

- Food Safety & Sanitation
- Danger Zone (41°F–135°F / 5°C–57°C)
- Proper Cooling Methods (Ice bath, shallow pans)
- Labeling & FIFO (First In, First Out) are tested.

- Menu Planning & Cost Control
- Food Cost % Formula:
- (Cost of Ingredients / Selling Price) x 100
- Menu Engineering (Stars, Plowhorses, Puzzles, Dogs)



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug