Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ACF-CPC
Exam Name : ACF Certified Pastry Culinarian 2025
Vendor Name : ACF
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ACF-CPC exam Format | ACF-CPC Course Contents | ACF-CPC Course Outline | ACF-CPC exam Syllabus | ACF-CPC exam Objectives


Exam Code: ACF-CPC
Exam Name: ACF Certified Pastry Culinarian
Number of Questions: 100 multiple-choice questions (covering both theory and practical knowledge).
Time Allotted: 2 hours (120 minutes) to complete the exam.
Passing Score: 70% or higher (minimum of 70 correct answers out of 100).

1. Safety & Sanitation
- Foodborne illnesses & pathogens
- Proper handwashing & personal hygiene
- Cross-contamination prevention
- HACCP principles
- Proper storage (FIFO, temperature control)
- Allergen management
- Sanitizing tools & workstations

- FIFO (First In, First Out)
- HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points)
- Pathogens (Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria)
- Temperature Danger Zone (41°F–135°F / 5°C–57°C)
- Cross-contamination
- MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets)

2. Baking Science & Ingredients
- Function of ingredients (flour, sugar, fats, leavening agents, eggs)
- Gluten development & control
- Starch gelatinization & protein coagulation
- Sugar crystallization & stages of sugar cooking
- Emulsions & foams

- Gluten (elastic protein in wheat flour)
- Gelatinization (starch thickening with heat & moisture)
- Maillard Reaction (browning of proteins & sugars)
- Leavening Agents (yeast, baking powder, baking soda)
- Invert Sugar (prevents crystallization)
- Dextrinization (breakdown of starch into sugars)

3. Doughs, Batters & Laminations
- Short doughs (pâte sucrée, pâte sablée)
- Puff pastry & croissant lamination
- Choux pastry
- Phyllo & strudel dough
- Meringues (French, Swiss, Italian)

- Lamination (folding butter into dough for flaky layers)
- Pâte à Choux (cream puff dough)
- Blitz Puff Pastry (quick puff pastry method)
- Detrempe (base dough for laminated pastries)
- Beurrage (butter block for lamination)

4. Cakes & Tortes
- Mixing methods (creaming, sponge, chiffon)
- Cake types (butter cake, genoise, angel food)
- Frostings & fillings (buttercream, ganache, mousse)
- Assembling & decorating layered cakes

- Genoise (sponge cake with whole eggs)
- Chiffon Cake (oil-based, light texture)
- Ganache (chocolate & cream mixture)
- Simple Syrup (sugar water for cake moisture)
- Dacquoise (nut-based meringue layers)

5. Custards, Creams & Sauces
- Crème anglaise, pastry cream, crème brûlée
- Panna cotta & Bavarian cream
- Sabayon & mousseline
- Fruit coulis & caramel sauces

- Crème Pâtissière (pastry cream)
- Crème Chantilly (whipped cream with sugar & vanilla)
- Bain-Marie (water bath for gentle cooking)
- Nappé (sauce consistency that coats the back of a spoon)

6. Chocolate & Confections
- Tempering chocolate (seeding, tabling)
- Chocolate types (dark, milk, white, couverture)
- Truffles, mendiants, & chocolate decorations
- Sugar work (pulled sugar, blown sugar)

- Tempering (crystallizing chocolate for shine & snap)
- Couverture (high-quality chocolate with extra cocoa butter)
- Ganache (chocolate & cream filling)
- Praline (caramelized nuts ground into paste)

7. Plated Desserts & Presentation
- Plate composition & balance
- Garnishing techniques (chocolate décor, tuiles, spun sugar)
- Sauces & texture contrast
- À la minute (prepared to order)
- Tuile (thin, crisp cookie for garnish)
- Quenelle (oval-shaped scoop of mousse or ice cream)

8. Frozen Desserts
- Ice cream, sorbet, gelato, & sherbet
- Churning & freezing techniques
- Stabilizers & emulsifiers
- Overrun (air incorporated into ice cream)
- Sorbet (dairy-free frozen dessert)
- Gelato (Italian-style dense ice cream)



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug