Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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ACF CSC : Certified Sous Chef (CSC) exam MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : ACF-CSC
Exam Name : Certified Sous Chef (CSC)
Vendor Name : ACF
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ACF-CSC exam Format | ACF-CSC Course Contents | ACF-CSC Course Outline | ACF-CSC exam Syllabus | ACF-CSC exam Objectives

Exam Code: ACF-CSC
Certification Name: ACF Certified Sous Chef
Issuing Organization: American Culinary Federation (ACF)
Target Audience: Experienced sous chefs or chefs de cuisine with supervisory responsibilities
Number of Questions: The written exam consists of 100 multiple-choice questions.
Time Allotted: Candidates are given 2 hours (120 minutes) to complete the written exam.
Passing Score: A minimum score of 70% is required to pass the exam.

1. Cooking (37%)
2. Safety and Sanitation (25%)
3. Baking and Pastry (5%)
4. Nutrition (9%)
5. Finance (8%)
6. Team Management and Supervision (16%)

1. Sanitation and Safety
- Foodborne Illnesses (causes, prevention, and pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, Listeria)
- HACCP Principles (Critical Control Points, monitoring, corrective actions)
- Personal Hygiene (handwashing, proper attire, illness reporting)
- Cross-Contamination Prevention (color-coded cutting boards, storage practices)

- Temperature Control (danger zone: 41°F–135°F, proper cooling/reheating)
- Pest Control (prevention measures, signs of infestation)
- Chemical Safety (proper storage, MSDS/SDS sheets)
- Workplace Safety (knife safety, fire prevention, slip/fall hazards)

- FIFO (First In, First Out)
- FATTOM (Food, Acidity, Time, Temperature, Oxygen, Moisture – conditions for bacterial growth)
- NSF (National Sanitation Foundation) standards
- OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations

2. Culinary Fundamentals
- Knife Skills (classical cuts: julienne, brunoise, chiffonade)
- Cooking Methods (dry heat, moist heat, combination: sauté, braise, sous vide)
- Stocks & Sauces (mother sauces, derivatives, reduction techniques)
- Meat Fabrication (primal cuts, portioning, aging methods)
- Seafood Handling (fabrication, freshness indicators)
- Vegetable & Starch Cookery (blanching, caramelization, gelatinization)
- Egg Cookery (poaching, emulsifications, custards)
- Baking & Pastry Basics (laminating dough, creaming method)

- Mirepoix (onions, carrots, celery – aromatics)
- Roux (thickening agent: white, blond, brown)
- Maillard Reaction (browning reaction)
- Sous Vide (precision cooking in vacuum-sealed bags)

3. Kitchen Management & Supervision
- Leadership Skills (delegation, conflict resolution)
- Staff Training & Development (onboarding, coaching)
- Scheduling & Labor Control (shift planning, overtime management)
- Inventory Management (par levels, order guides)
- Cost Control (food cost percentage, yield testing)
- Menu Engineering (profitability analysis, menu psychology)
- Kitchen Organization (brigade system, workstation setup)

- Brigade de Cuisine (classical kitchen hierarchy)
- FIFO (inventory rotation)
- P&L (Profit & Loss Statement)
- KPI (Key Performance Indicators)

4. Nutrition & Dietary Needs
- Macronutrients & Micronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins)
- Special Diets (gluten-free, vegan, keto, allergies)
- Healthy Cooking Techniques (steaming, grilling vs. frying)
- Nutrition Labeling (FDA guidelines, portion sizes)
- Allergen Management (Big 9 allergens, cross-contact prevention)

- Caloric Density (calories per gram)
- Gluten (protein in wheat, barley, rye)
- Lactose Intolerance (inability to digest milk sugar)
- Anaphylaxis (severe allergic reaction)

5. Business & Financial Skills
- Budgeting (forecasting, variance analysis)
- Vendor Relations (negotiation, purchasing contracts)
- Food Costing (portion costing, recipe costing)
- Waste Reduction (trim utilization, repurposing leftovers)
- Sustainability Practices (local sourcing, energy efficiency)

- COGS (Cost of Goods Sold)
- GP (Gross Profit)
- Invoice Reconciliation (matching orders to bills)
- Just-in-Time Inventory (reducing excess stock)

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ACF Sous guide

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug