Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : AHIMA-CHPS
Exam Name : Certified in Healthcare Privacy and Security (CHPS)
Vendor Name : AHIMA
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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AHIMA-CHPS exam Format | AHIMA-CHPS Course Contents | AHIMA-CHPS Course Outline | AHIMA-CHPS exam Syllabus | AHIMA-CHPS exam Objectives


Exam Code: AHIMA-CHPS
Exam Name: Certified in Healthcare Privacy and Security (CHPS)
Number of questions: 150 total questions (125 scored + 25 pretest items)
Time allotted: 3 hours, 25 minutes of exam time (total appointment time 3 hours, 30 minutes including reading the agreement)
Passing score: 300 (on the AHIMA standardized scale)


- Ethical, Legal, and Regulatory Issues/ Environmental Assessment
- Identify responsibilities as a privacy officer and/or security officer
- Serve as a resource (provide guidance) to your organization regarding privacy and security laws,regulations, and standards of accreditation agencies to help interpret and apply the standards
- Apply preemption principles to ensure compliance with state regulations that are applicable to privacy
- Evaluate the privacy and security policies related to health information exchanges
- Demonstrate privacy and security compliance with documentation, production and retention as requiredby State and Federal law as well as accrediting agencies
- Analyze the impact of access to protected health information (PHI) during a public health emergency

– Privacy and Security Program Management and Administration
- Manage the distribution process of the organizations Notice of Privacy Practices
- Manage the process for requests for patients rights as outlined in the Notice of Privacy Practices (e.g.,restrictions, amendments, etc.)
- Manage contracts and business associate relationships and secure appropriate agreements related toprivacy and security (e.g., business associate agreement [BAA], service level agreement [SLA], etc.)
- Evaluate and monitor the facility security plan to safeguard unauthorized physical access to information,and to prevent theft or tampering
- Establish a preventative program to detect and prevent privacy/security breaches
- Develop, deliver, evaluate, and document training and awareness on information privacy and security toprovide an informed workforce
- Educate workforce members on the changes to organizational policies, procedures, and practices relatedto privacy and security
- Collaborate with appropriate organization officials to verify that information used or disclosed for researchpurposes complies with organizational policies and procedures and applicable privacy regulations
- Manage appropriate de-identification processes
- Assess and communicate risks and ramifications of privacy and security incidents to a designatedorganizational leadership, including those by business associates
- Verify that requesters of protected information are authorized and permitted access to the protectedhealth information (PHI)
- Apply the “minimum necessary” standard when creating, documenting, and communicating protectedhealth information (PHI)
- Define HIPAA-designated record sets for the organization in order to appropriately respond to a request forrelease of protected health information (PHI)
- Identify information and record sets requiring special privacy protections
- Manage disclosures for marketing and fundraising related to protected health information (PHI)

- Information Technology/Physical and Technical Safeguards
- Develop and manage an organizations information security plan, taking into consideration 45 CFR 164.306
- Manage policies, procedures, and rules to protect the integrity, availability, and confidentiality ofcommunication of health information across networks
- Ensure reasonable safeguards to reduce incidental disclosures and prevent privacy breaches
- Collaborate in the development of a business continuity plan for planned downtime and contingency planning for emergencies and disaster recovery
- Evaluate, select, and implement information privacy and security solutions
- Monitor compliance with the security policies and ensure compliance with technical, physical, and administrative safeguards
- Assess the risk to and criticalities of new information systems which contain protected health information (PHI)
- Assess and monitor physical security mechanisms to limit the access of unauthorized personnel to facilities, equipment, and information
- Assess and monitor technical security mechanisms to control access and protect electronic protected health information (PHI)
- Perform ongoing risk exams for existing information systems which contain protected health information (PHI)
- Ensure appropriate technologies are used to protect information received from or transmitted to external users
- Manage the process for verifying and controlling access authorizations, authentication mechanisms, and privileges including emergency access
- Identify event triggers for abnormal conditions within a network system (e.g., intrusion detection, denial of service, and invalid log-on attempts)
- Manage the media control practices that govern the receipt, removal, re-use, or disposal (internal and external destruction) of any media or devices containing sensitive data
- Develop and maintain the inventory of software, hardware, and all data to protect information assets and to facilitate risk analysis

- Investigation, Compliance, and Enforcement
- Monitor and assess compliance with state and federal laws and regulations on a routine basis related to privacy and security to update organizational practices, policies, procedures, and training of workforce
- Develop policy and procedure for breach notification
- Establish an incident/complaint investigation process, and develop a response plan to mitigate a privacy or security incident
- Ensure workforce is knowledgeable on how to report a potential privacy or security incident
- Enforce privacy and security policies, procedures, and guidelines to facilitate compliance with federal, state, and other regulatory or accrediting bodies
- Monitor and audit access to protected health information (PHI)
- Perform risk exam for breach notification
- Coordinate the organizations response to questions and investigations from external entities relating to privacy and security to provide response consistent with organizational policies and procedures within the required timeframe
- Notify appropriate individuals/agencies/media within time frame for breach notification
- Maintain the appropriate documentation for breach notification



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug