Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : AHM-540
Exam Name : AHM Medical Management
Vendor Name : Medical
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AHM-540 exam Format | AHM-540 Course Contents | AHM-540 Course Outline | AHM-540 exam Syllabus | AHM-540 exam Objectives
Exam Details for AHM-540 AHM Medical Management:
Number of Questions: The AHM-540 exam typically consists of 100 multiple-choice questions.
Time Limit: The exam has a time limit of 2 hours (120 minutes).
Course Outline:
The AHM-540 AHM Medical Management certification exam focuses on assessing the knowledge and skills required for effective medical management in the healthcare industry. The course outline covers the following key topics:
1. Introduction to Medical Management:
- Overview of medical management in healthcare organizations
- Roles and responsibilities of medical managers
- Regulatory and compliance considerations
- Ethical and legal issues in medical management
- Healthcare delivery models and systems
2. Healthcare Quality and Performance Improvement:
- Quality management principles and frameworks
- Measurement and evaluation of healthcare quality
- Performance improvement methodologies
- Patient safety and risk management
- Utilization management and cost containment
3. Medical Staff Governance and Credentialing:
- Medical staff organization and governance
- Credentialing and privileging processes
- Peer review and performance evaluation
- Medical staff bylaws and policies
- Collaboration and communication with medical staff
4. Healthcare Finance and Reimbursement:
- Financial management principles in healthcare
- Healthcare reimbursement models and payment systems
- Revenue cycle management
- Budgeting and financial forecasting
- Cost management and cost-effectiveness analysis
5. Medical Informatics and Technology:
- Electronic health records (EHR) and health information systems
- Clinical decision support tools and technologies
- Health data analytics and reporting
- Telemedicine and virtual care
- Privacy and security of health information
Exam Objectives:
The AHM-540 exam aims to assess the following objectives:
1. Understanding of medical management principles, roles, and regulatory considerations in the healthcare industry.
2. Proficiency in healthcare quality management, including measurement, performance improvement, and patient safety.
3. Knowledge of medical staff governance, credentialing processes, and effective collaboration with medical staff.
4. Competence in healthcare finance and reimbursement, including financial management and cost containment strategies.
5. Familiarity with medical informatics, health information systems, and the use of technology in medical management.
Exam Syllabus:
The AHM-540 exam covers the following syllabus:
1. Introduction to Medical Management
- Overview of medical management in healthcare organizations
- Roles and responsibilities of medical managers
- Regulatory and compliance considerations
- Ethical and legal issues in medical management
- Healthcare delivery models and systems
2. Healthcare Quality and Performance Improvement
- Quality management principles and frameworks
- Measurement and evaluation of healthcare quality
- Performance improvement methodologies
- Patient safety and risk management
- Utilization management and cost containment
3. Medical Staff Governance and Credentialing
- Medical staff organization and governance
- Credentialing and privileging processes
- Peer review and performance evaluation
- Medical staff bylaws and policies
- Collaboration and communication with medical staff
4. Healthcare Finance and Reimbursement
- Financial management principles in healthcare
- Healthcare reimbursement models and payment systems
- Revenue cycle management
- Budgeting and financial forecasting
- Cost management and cost-effectiveness analysis
5. Medical Informatics and Technology
- Electronic health records (EHR) and health information systems
- Clinical decision support tools and technologies
- Health data analytics and reporting
- Telemedicine and virtual care
- Privacy and security of health information
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Medical Medical course outline
How to take care of trans patients in hospiceIn the United States, more than 1.6 million people identify as transgender. Of these, more than one-fifth are over the age of 65, the vast majority of whom transitioned in the latter part of their lives. Transgender Americans are both living and dying among us: precisely why they health care providers must Improve their approaches to ensuring dignified and respectful care for transgender elders, especially at the end of life. What trans people hope for in their final moments of life — whether that is months, days, or hours — is no different than what anyone else wishes for. Trans people don’t want to be in pain. Trans people want their decisions to be honored. Trans people want a comfortable environment, to be treated with respect and dignity, and to be in the company of the loved ones they choose. They all want to live their last days authentically. However, trans patients’ end-of-life journey poses unique challenges, many of which are rooted in their fear of being judged, intentionally or unintentionally humiliated, and excluded from critical care services, including pain relief — things that doctors, nurses, and chaplains sometimes unwittingly contribute to. And while mistreatment of transgender elders in hospice care — whether at home or elsewhere — can take many forms, it almost always stems from a lack of understanding or knowledge about transgender identity and needs, understanding what courses are within- and off-limits, and, in the worst cases, outright bias and discrimination. We are both nurses. One of us, Dallas, has seen the impact of poor gender-affirming care firsthand and has co-founded a startup nonprofit, Transhealth, to provide, teach, research, and advocate for good gender-affirming care. The other, Cathy, has more than 30 years of experience working in hospice. They both understand that gender-affirming care is simply good health care, and too many are deprived of it, especially when unable to advocate for themselves. When health care providers mistake patients’ gender or call them by their assigned rather than chosen name, it can be deeply distressing and disrespectful. Choosing a new name is one of the first, most profound public declarations a trans person goes through when first transitioning. Likewise, intentionally keeping one’s birth name amid a gender transition can be a sacred declaration, too. As such, it’s critical that clinicians get patients’ names right from the first meeting and use pronouns that match their patients’ chosen gender identities. Starting with their first interactions, health care workers should introduce their own name and pronouns, leveling the power imbalance, and then ask the individual for their name and pronouns. This is the first step in establishing trust. Because trans patients’ unique health needs are often misunderstood, accommodations can be lacking, especially within the more specialized hospice setting. What does personalized care look like? It’s when clinicians take the time to affirm and support patients’ daily care rituals that match their gender identities. So a bedridden trans man who hasn’t had “top surgery” might need help binding his chest. A trans woman may need assistance shaving or doing her hair or makeup. Providers should also be supportive of patients’ continued use of hormone therapy, even if it interacts with other medications or diagnoses. One’s social embodiment remains vital even if at the end of life. Because trans patients sometimes arrive for care in hospice facilities in a stage of advanced need, clinicians caring for trans communities must be extra vigilant as they manage symptoms and offer support and respect. Encountering health care workers who are reticent to care can compound feelings of isolation, discrimination, exclusion, and lack of acceptance. Trans patients might also be held at a distance by fellow hospice patients and their family members. Given that, clinicians must go above and beyond with their trans patients, regularly checking in in all the usual ways (How’s your pain? What do you need? How are you feeling?) as well as ways more specific to their gender identity (Do you have what you need to support your gender identity and gender expression? How is your circle of support being included in your care? Is anything/anyone keeping you from feeling comfortable and like you belong?). Education is a critical component of delivering gender-affirming hospice care, too. Whether health care systems require it or not, care providers at all levels must take trans-inclusive care courses and training, like the courses offered by GLMA and the Fenway Institute, to fully understand the issues trans patients face. Such learning reinforces behaviors and builds knowledge about what respectful, nonjudgmental, and supportive care looks, sounds, and feels like. Beyond day-to-day care are social and economic considerations and how they’re affected by a patient’s gender identity. Care providers can ask gentle, open-ended questions to assess whether additional support or resources might be needed: Do you struggle paying for rent, food, utilities, or your medications? Are there any issues with violence at home? These basic questions apply to all individuals, but transgender people are at greater risk for food insecurity, housing insecurity, and safety concerns, so it’s even more important to address them as part of a plan of care. Conversely, curious questions unrelated to trans patients’ palliative care and well-being are wholly inappropriate. Off-limits are questions like: What was your name before you transitioned? Have you had surgery? What do your family and friends say? Are you a man or a woman? It’s vital that clinicians be aware of the harm these questions can cause. There are administrative considerations, too. Hospice and palliative care providers often discuss the benefit of advanced directives, which are legal documents that outline the passage of care decision-making responsibilities when the patient is unable. Because transgender patients are sometimes estranged from biological family, these conversations and documents have particular relevance, and health care workers should pursue patients’ wishes while they have the ability to choose who will decide for them at life’s end if not their relatives. Even if a complete legal document isn’t finalized, partial directives are better than no directives at all. Finally, it’s critical that clinicians not assume that every trans patient’s life has been marked by suffering. Many, many trans men and women have had beautiful, affirmed, supported lives. Clinicians must not assume that all transgender patients are similar. Trans folks must be cared for as individuals first. Trans elders are part of their communities, both in life and in death. Supporting the overall well-being of trans patients means acknowledging their humanity and affirming their identities as humans first. We, as health care providers and clinicians, must ensure their transgender elders live and die with their dignity intact and their authenticity respected. The quality of their care should reflect their shared humanity, undiminished by their differences. Dallas Ducar is a mental health nurse practitioner, fellow of the American Academy of Nursing, and founding CEO of Transhealth in Massachusetts, which offers comprehensive health care for trans and gender-diverse individuals and families. Professor Cathy Campbell is a hospice nurse and Buddhist chaplain at the University of Virginia School of Nursing. Patient Education, Navigation Stand in the Way of Preventive ScreeningNo result found, try new keyword!A new survey found that patient education, healthcare navigation, and care coordination are key barriers to preventive screening and cancer screening access among younger patients.Hip Dysplasia in Dogs: Symptoms, Causes, Treatments, and PreventionNo result found, try new keyword!Hip dysplasia in dogs happens when the ball and socket joint of the hips doesn’t develop properly, which can result in lameness and painful arthritis. In fact, hip dysplasia is the leading cause of ... |
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug