Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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APA AICP : American Institute of Certified Planners exam Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : AICP
Exam Name : American Institute of Certified Planners
Vendor Name : APA
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AICP exam Format | AICP Course Contents | AICP Course Outline | AICP exam Syllabus | AICP exam Objectives

Exam Name: APA American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP)
Exam Type: Computer-based test (CBT)
Number of Questions: 170 multiple-choice questions (150 scored, 20 unscored pretest questions).
Duration: 3.5 hours (210 minutes).

Content Areas:
- Plan Making (30%) – Visioning, data analysis, public participation.
- Plan Implementation (30%) – Regulations, partnerships, budgeting.
- Leadership & Ethics (20%) – Professional ethics, communication, facilitation.
- Areas of Practice (20%) – Land use, transportation, environmental planning, etc.

- Fundamental Planning Knowledge
- History and theory of urban planning
- Key planning movements (e.g., City Beautiful, Garden City, New Urbanism)
- Land use planning and zoning principles
- Growth management and smart growth

- Environmental planning and sustainability
- Transportation planning and infrastructure
- Economic development and housing
- Urban design and placemaking
- Social equity and community engagement

- Zoning: Legal regulations governing land use (Euclidean, Form-Based, Performance Zoning)
- Comprehensive Plan: A long-term guide for community development
- Smart Growth: Sustainable development strategies to curb sprawl
- NIMBY (Not In My Backyard): Opposition to local development projects

- TOD (Transit-Oriented Development): High-density development near transit hubs
- Inclusionary Zoning: Policies to promote affordable housing
- LULU (Locally Unwanted Land Use): Controversial land uses (e.g., landfills, factories)

- Plan Making and Implementation
- Data collection and analysis (GIS, census data, surveys)
- Scenario planning and forecasting
- Stakeholder engagement and public participation
- Legal foundations of planning (police power, eminent domain)
- Subdivision regulations and site plan review
- Capital improvement programming (CIP)
- Development impact exams

- GIS (Geographic Information Systems): Mapping and spatial analysis tool
- EIS (Environmental Impact Statement): Assessment of project environmental effects
- NEPA (National Environmental Policy Act): Federal law requiring environmental review
- Police Power: Government authority to regulate land use for public welfare
- PUD (Planned Unit Development): Flexible zoning for mixed-use projects
- Form-Based Code: Zoning focused on urban form rather than use

- Planning Law and Ethics
- Constitutional law (Due Process, Equal Protection, Takings Clause)
- Federal, state, and local planning laws
- AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
- Ethical dilemmas in planning (conflicts of interest, public vs. private interests)
- Case law (e.g., Penn Central, Euclid v. Ambler, Kelo v. New London)

- Eminent Domain: Government power to take private land for public use (with compensation)
- Takings Clause (5th Amendment): Limits on government seizure of private property
- Vested Rights: Developers legal right to complete a project under existing laws
- Exaction: Developer requirements (e.g., impact fees, infrastructure contributions)
- Spot Zoning: Illegal zoning change benefiting a single property

- Functional Areas of Planning
- Housing & Community Development (Fair Housing Act, CDBG grants)
- Transportation Planning (MPOs, Complete Streets, traffic impact studies)
- Environmental & Resilience Planning (climate adaptation, floodplain management)
- Economic Development (TIF districts, enterprise zones)
- Urban Revitalization (Brownfields, gentrification, historic preservation)

- MPO (Metropolitan Planning Organization): Regional transportation planning agency
- TIF (Tax Increment Financing): Funding tool for redevelopment
- LEED Certification: Green building standards
- Brownfield: Contaminated land eligible for redevelopment
- Complete Streets: Road designs accommodating all users (pedestrians, cyclists)

- AICP Ethics & Professional Practice
- AICP Code of Ethics (aspirational vs. mandatory principles)
- Public interest advocacy
- Conflicts of interest and disclosure
- Professional responsibility in decision-making

- Whistleblowing: Reporting unethical behavior
- Ex Parte Communication: Private discussions with decision-makers outside formal hearings
- Sunshine Laws: Open meeting and public records requirements

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug