Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ALNCCB-LNCC
Exam Name : ALNCCB Legal Nurse Consultant Certified
Vendor Name : Nursing
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ALNCCB-LNCC exam Format | ALNCCB-LNCC Course Contents | ALNCCB-LNCC Course Outline | ALNCCB-LNCC exam Syllabus | ALNCCB-LNCC exam Objectives


The Legal Nurse Consultant Certified (LNCC) exam, administered by the American Legal Nurse Consultant Certification Board (ALNCCB), is a rigorous exam designed to evaluate the knowledge and skills of registered nurses with significant experience in legal nurse consulting. Below is a detailed breakdown of the exam topics, key terminologies, and relevant information to help you prepare, based on available resources and the structure of the certification process.

Purpose: The LNCC exam tests a candidates expertise in legal nurse consulting, focusing on their ability to apply nursing knowledge to legal cases, analyze medical records, and collaborate with legal professionals.
Format: Consists of 200 multiple-choice questions.
Duration: 4 hours.
Passing Score: A scaled score of at least 95 is required to pass.

1. Medical Malpractice (Significant Portion)
- Standard of Care: The level of care a reasonably competent healthcare professional would provide under similar circumstances.
- Breach of Duty: Failure to meet the standard of care.
- Causation: Linking the breach to the patients injury.
- Damages: Quantifying the harm suffered (e.g., physical, emotional, financial).
- Analyzing medical records to identify deviations from standards.
- Preparing chronologies of medical events.
- Evaluating policies and procedures of healthcare facilities.
- Negligence
- Proximate Cause
- Duty of Care
- Malfeasance/Misfeasance/Nonfeasance

2. Personal Injury
- Liability: Determining who is legally responsible for the injury.
- Injury Assessment: Evaluating the extent and impact of injuries.
- Documentation: Reviewing medical records to support or refute claims.
- Assessing the medical plausibility of injury claims.
- Collaborating with attorneys to draft medical summaries.
- Compensatory Damages
- Pain and Suffering
- Contributory Negligence
- Assumption of Risk

3. Product Liability
- Defect Types: Design defects, manufacturing defects, or failure to warn.
- Causation Analysis: Linking the product defect to the injury.
- Reviewing product-related medical records and adverse event reports.
- Researching FDA regulations and product recalls.
- Strict Liability
- Warranty Breach
- Adverse Event
- Failure to Warn

4. Workers Compensation
- Compensability: Determining if the injury is work-related.
- Disability Ratings: Assessing temporary or permanent disability.
- Evaluating medical records to confirm work-related injuries.
- Preparing reports on the extent of disability.
- Temporary Total Disability (TTD)
- Permanent Partial Disability (PPD)
- Occupational Hazard
- Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI)

5. Risk Management
- Incident Reports: Documentation of adverse events in healthcare facilities.
- Root Cause Analysis: Investigating the underlying causes of errors.
- Reviewing hospital policies to identify risk areas.
- Advising on compliance with regulatory standards.
- Sentinel Event
- Risk Mitigation
- Quality Assurance
- Patient Safety

6. Criminal and Forensic Issues
- Forensic Evidence: Collecting and analyzing medical evidence for legal proceedings.
- Chain of Custody: Ensuring the integrity of evidence.
- Reviewing medical records for signs of abuse or neglect.
- Assisting in forensic investigations.
- Forensic Nursing
- Evidence Tampering
- Expert Testimony
- Hearsay

7. Life Care Planning
- Future Medical Costs: Estimating costs for ongoing care.
- Quality of Life: Assessing the impact of injuries on daily living.
- Creating detailed life care plans based on medical records.
- Collaborating with economists to quantify costs.
- Catastrophic Injury
- Functional Capacity
- Vocational Rehabilitation
- Present Value

8. Administrative Health Law
- Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to laws like HIPAA or Medicare regulations.
- Licensing Issues: Addressing disciplinary actions against healthcare providers.
- Reviewing compliance with federal and state healthcare laws.
- Assisting in investigations of licensing boards.
- HIPAA Violation
- Scope of Practice
- Administrative Hearing
- Credentialing

9. Elder Law
- Elder Abuse: Physical, emotional, or financial mistreatment of seniors.
- Capacity Assessment: Evaluating mental competency for decision-making.
- Reviewing medical records for signs of neglect or abuse.
- Providing expert opinions on guardianship cases.
- Guardianship
- Conservatorship
- Fiduciary Duty
- Undue Influence

10. Litigation Process and Legal Nurse Consulting Practice
- Phases of Litigation: Pre-litigation, discovery, trial, and appeal.
- Discovery Methods: Interrogatories, depositions, and requests for production.
- Role Distinctions: Consulting expert vs. testifying expert.
- Drafting medical summaries for attorneys.
- Preparing demonstrative evidence (e.g., timelines, charts).
- Assisting in deposition preparation.
- Consulting Expert (CE)
- Testifying Expert (TE)
- Subpoena
- Affidavit
- Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
- Deposition

- Plaintiff/Defendant
- Burden of Proof
- Statute of Limitations
- Res Ipsa Loquitur
- Voir Dire
- Motion in Limine
- Medical-Legal Analysis:
- Medical Record Chronology
- Standards of Care
- Informed Consent
- Vicarious Liability
- Respondeat Superior
- Evidence and Testimony:
- Demonstrative Evidence
- Hearsay Rule
- Privilege (e.g., Attorney-Client)
- Expert Witness
- Daubert Standard
- Ethical and Professional Practice:
- Conflict of Interest
- Confidentiality
- Scope of Practice
- Professional Liability
- Billing Practices



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug