Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : ANVE
Exam Name : Axis Network Video
Vendor Name : Axis
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Exam Name: Axis Network Video exam (ANVE)
Exam Code: ANVE
Certification: Axis Certified Professional
Number of Questions: 70 multiple-choice questions
Exam Duration: 90 minutes
Passing Score: 600 out of 800 points (approximately 75%)

1. System Design
- Requirements gathering and analysis (e.g.- customer needs- environmental factors).
- Site exam (e.g.- lighting conditions- coverage areas- physical constraints).
- Camera placement and field of view (FOV) optimization.
- Bandwidth and storage calculations for video streams.
- Scalability and integration with existing systems (e.g.- VMS- access control).
- Designing for redundancy and failover.

- Field of View (FOV): The extent of the observable area captured by a camera.
- Resolution: The number of pixels used to form an image (e.g.- 1080p- 4K).
- Frame Rate: The number of frames per second (fps) captured by a camera.
- Bandwidth: The data rate required to transmit video streams.
- Storage: The capacity needed to store video footage (e.g.- NAS- cloud- SD card).
- Region of Interest (ROI): A specific area in the video frame prioritized for higher quality or analysis.

2. Network Video Technology
- Video compression techniques and codecs.
- Video streaming protocols (e.g.- RTSP- RTP- HTTP).
- Image quality factors (e.g.- resolution- compression- lighting).
- Analytics and metadata in network video.
- Cybersecurity considerations for video surveillance systems.
- Interoperability standards (e.g.- ONVIF- PSIA).

- H.264/H.265: Video compression standards (H.265 is also known as HEVC).
- MJPEG: Motion JPEG- a video compression format where each frame is compressed individually.
- RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol): A protocol for streaming video over IP networks.
- ONVIF (Open Network Video Interface Forum): A standard for interoperability among IP-based security devices.
- Metadata: Data about video content- used for analytics (e.g.- motion detection- object tracking).
- Zipstream: Axis proprietary technology for reducing bandwidth and storage needs without compromising image quality.

3. Networking
- IP networking fundamentals (e.g.- TCP/IP- UDP- subnets).
- Network topologies (e.g.- star- ring- mesh).
- Quality of Service (QoS) for prioritizing video traffic.
- Network security (e.g.- VLANs- firewalls- encryption).
- Troubleshooting network issues (e.g.- latency- packet loss).
- Power over Ethernet (PoE) for powering cameras.

- IP Address: A unique identifier for devices on a network (e.g.- IPv4- IPv6).
- VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network): A method to segment network traffic for security and performance.
- PoE (Power over Ethernet): A technology to deliver power and data over a single Ethernet cable.
- QoS (Quality of Service): Techniques to manage network traffic to ensure performance for critical applications.
- Latency: The delay in data transmission over a network.
- Port Forwarding: A technique to allow external devices to access services on a private network.

4. Axis Product Knowledge
- Types of Axis cameras (e.g.- fixed- PTZ- thermal- modular).
- Axis camera features (e.g.- Lightfinder- Wide Dynamic Range- Forensic WDR).
- Axis video encoders and decoders.
- Axis companion products (e.g.- speakers- access control devices).
- Axis Camera Station and other video management software (VMS).
- Firmware updates and device management.

- Lightfinder: Axis technology for enhanced low-light performance.
- Wide Dynamic Range (WDR): A feature to balance bright and dark areas in a scene.
- PTZ (Pan-Tilt-Zoom): Cameras with remote directional and zoom control.
- Thermal Camera: A camera that detects heat signatures rather than visible light.
- Axis Camera Station: Axis proprietary VMS for managing video surveillance.
- Firmware: Software embedded in Axis devices to control functionality.

5. Installation
- Camera mounting and alignment techniques.
- Cabling requirements (e.g.- Cat5e- Cat6- fiber optics).
- Configuring camera settings (e.g.- focus- exposure- IP address).
- Integration with VMS and third-party systems.
- Testing and commissioning of surveillance systems.
- Maintenance and troubleshooting post-installation.

- Focus: Adjusting the camera lens to achieve a sharp image.
- Exposure: The amount of light captured by the camera sensor.
- IR (Infrared): Used in cameras for night vision capabilities.
- NVR (Network Video Recorder): A device for recording video from IP cameras.
- Commissioning: The process of testing and verifying system functionality after installation.
- Cat6: A type of Ethernet cable supporting higher bandwidth than Cat5e.

- Video Quality and Compression:
- Bitrate: The amount of data processed per unit of time in a video stream.
- Codec: Software or hardware that compresses and decompresses video (e.g.- H.264- H.265).
- Artifacts: Visual distortions caused by compression or low bandwidth.

- HTTPS: Secure protocol for transmitting video data.
- 802.1X: A standard for network access control.
- VPN (Virtual Private Network): A secure tunnel for remote access to surveillance systems.
- Motion Detection: Identifying movement within a video feed.
- Object Tracking: Following specific objects across frames.
- Edge Analytics: Processing analytics directly on the camera to reduce server load.
- Forensic WDR: Advanced WDR for capturing details in high-contrast scenes.
- OptimizedIR: Axis infrared technology for uniform illumination in low light.
- Axis Edge Vault: A security platform for protecting device identity and data.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug