Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : ASDEV01
Exam Name : Blue Prism Associate Developer
Vendor Name : Blue-Prism
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ASDEV01 exam Format | ASDEV01 Course Contents | ASDEV01 Course Outline | ASDEV01 exam Syllabus | ASDEV01 exam Objectives
Exam Code: ASDEV01
Exam Name: Blue Prism Associate Developer
Number of Questions: 50
Exam Duration: 60 Minutes*
Language: English
Passing Score: 70%
Object Development (40%)
- Create standard action types following by best design standard
- Understand how to organize and label Objects
- Understand Application Modeller elements and labelling conventions
- Describe different spy modes for interacting with various applications
- Understand how to use wait stages
Process Development (40%)
- Demonstrate how to use process templates for consistent process structure
- Build work queues to manage work items
- Understand work queue actions for process requirements
- Identify best practice standards in credential manager
- Identify best practice standards for environment variables
- Understand when to reuse existing objects, pages and sub-pages
- Build basic Decisions, Calculations, Data Items and Collections
- Illustrate knowledge of common process utilities such as MS Excel, Collection Manipulation, and File Management
- Understand exception handling types, retry loops, breakpoints and blocks
- Demonstrate the use of Loops
- Recognize process stop controls
- Understand how to import and use pre-built skills
Process Implementation (20%)
- Identify test of actions and processes to reduce errors
- Demonstrate debugging steps in different scenarios
- Run a process in control room, understand how schedules are configured and how to identify process errors
- Understand appropriate usage of stage logging
- Outline the process to create a release file
1. Blue Prism Foundation Knowledge
- Robotic Process Automation (RPA): Automation of rule-based, repetitive tasks using software robots.
- Blue Prism Architecture: Client-server model with components like Runtime Resources (bots), Application Servers, and Databases.
- Control Room: Centralized management interface for scheduling, monitoring, and controlling processes.
- Process Studio: Environment for designing and building automation processes.
- Object Studio: Environment for creating reusable business objects to interact with applications.
- Digital Workforce: Collection of software robots performing automated tasks.
- Runtime Resource: A virtual or physical machine running Blue Prism processes.
- Session: An instance of a process running on a Runtime Resource.
- Queue: Work queue for managing and prioritizing tasks in Blue Prism.
- Environment Variables: Configurable variables for storing dynamic data across processes.
2. Process Development
- Process Flow: Sequence of stages (e.g., Start, End, Decision, Action) to define automation logic.
- Stages: Building blocks in Process Studio, such as Calculation, Decision, Loop, and Anchor.
- Data Items: Variables used to store and manipulate data within a process.
- Exception Handling: Managing errors using Try-Catch mechanisms (e.g., Recover and Resume stages).
- Work Queues: Managing workloads by adding, retrieving, and updating queue items.
- Calculation Stage: Performs arithmetic or logical operations on data items.
- Decision Stage: Evaluates conditions to control process flow (e.g., If-Then-Else logic).
- Loop Stage: Repeats a set of actions for a specified number of iterations or until a condition is met.
- Exception: An error or unexpected event disrupting process execution.
- Recover Stage: Captures exceptions to initiate error handling.
- Resume Stage: Marks the end of exception handling, allowing the process to continue.
- Queue Item: A single task or work unit in a work queue.
- Tag: Metadata added to queue items for filtering or categorization.
3. Business Objects and Application Interaction
- Business Object: Reusable component encapsulating interactions with a specific application.
- Application Modeller: Tool for mapping application elements (e.g., buttons, text fields) for automation.
- Spying Modes: Techniques to identify UI elements (e.g., Win32, HTML, Accessibility, Region).
- Actions: Operations performed by business objects, such as clicking buttons or entering text.
- Publish: Making object actions available for use in processes.
- Spying Mode: Method for identifying UI elements (e.g., HTML Mode for web, Win32 for desktop apps).
- Element Attributes: Properties of UI elements (e.g., ID, Name, Class) used for identification.
- Navigate Stage: Performs navigation actions in an application (e.g., launching, attaching).
- Read Stage: Retrieves data from application elements (e.g., text from a field).
- Write Stage: Inputs data into application elements (e.g., typing into a text box).
- Wait Stage: Pauses execution until a condition is met (e.g., element exists).
- Dynamic Match: Using variables to dynamically identify UI elements.
4. Work Queues
- Queue Configuration: Setting up queues with attributes like priority and SLA.
- Queue Actions: Adding items (Add to Queue), retrieving items (Get Next Item), and updating status (Mark Completed/Exception).
- Priority: Assigning urgency levels to queue items.
- Status: Tracking the state of queue items (e.g., Pending, Completed, Exception).
- Add to Queue: Action to insert a new item into a work queue.
- Get Next Item: Retrieves the next available item from a queue for processing.
- Mark Completed: Updates a queue items status to indicate successful processing.
- Mark Exception: Flags a queue item as failed due to an error.
- SLA (Service Level Agreement): Time-based constraints for processing queue items.
5. Credentials and Security
- Credential Manager: Stores encrypted credentials for use in processes and objects.
- Credential Access: Retrieving credentials securely during automation.
- Role-Based Access Control (RBAC): Restricting access to Blue Prism components based on user roles.
- Credentials: Encrypted username-password pairs for application access.
- Credential Store: Database storing encrypted credentials.
- Get Credential: Action to retrieve credentials from the Credential Manager.
- Encryption Scheme: Method used to secure credentials (e.g., AES-256).
6. Best Practices and Process Templates
- Process Templates: Predefined frameworks for consistent process design.
- Modularity: Breaking processes into reusable components for scalability.
- Logging: Recording process execution details for auditing and debugging.
- Error Management: Designing robust exception handling to ensure process reliability.
- Main Page: Primary flowchart in a process or object.
- Subpage: Secondary flowchart for modular process design.
- Log Parameter: Data logged during process execution for tracking.
- Retry Logic: Reattempting actions after recoverable errors.
- Business Exception: A planned exception for specific business conditions (e.g., invalid input).
- System Exception: An unplanned error (e.g., application crash).
7. Control Room Operations
- Scheduling: Automating process execution at specified times.
- Session Management: Starting, stopping, or monitoring process sessions.
- Logs: Reviewing session logs for troubleshooting.
- Scheduler: Tool for automating process execution.
- Session Log: Record of actions and outcomes during a process run.
- Resource Pool: Group of Runtime Resources for load balancing.
- Stop Request: Command to terminate a running session.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
