Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : AZ-140
Exam Name : Configuring and Operating Windows Virtual Desktop on Microsoft Azure
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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Exam Number: AZ-140

Exam Name : Configuring and Operating Windows Virtual Desktop on Microsoft Azure



Exam TOPICS



Exam AZ-140: Configuring and Operating Microsoft Azure Virtual Desktop

Candidates for this test are administrators with subject matter expertise in planning, delivering, and managing virtual desktop experiences and remote apps, for any device, on Azure.



Responsibilities for this role include deploying virtual desktop experiences and apps to Azure. Professionals in this role deliver applications on Azure Virtual Desktop and optimize them to run in multi-session virtual environments. To deliver these experiences, they work closely with the Azure administrators and architects, along with Microsoft 365 Administrators.



Candidates for this test should have experience in Azure technologies, including virtualization, networking, identity, storage, backups, resilience, and disaster recovery. They should understand on-premises virtual desktop infrastructure technologies as they relate to migrating to Azure Virtual Desktop. These professionals use the Azure portal and Azure Resource Manager templates to accomplish many tasks. This role may use PowerShell and Azure Command-Line Interface (CLI) for more efficient automation.



NOTE: The bullets that appear below each of the skills measured are intended to illustrate how they are assessing that skill. This list is NOT definitive or exhaustive.

Plan an Azure Virtual Desktop Architecture (10-15%)

Implement an Azure Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (25-30%)

Manage Access and Security (10-15%)

Manage User Environments and Apps (20-25%)

Monitor and Maintain an Azure Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (20-25%)



Plan an Azure Virtual Desktop Architecture (10-15%)

Design the Azure Virtual Desktop architecture

 assess existing physical and virtual desktop environments

 assess network capacity and speed requirements for Azure Virtual Desktop

 recommend an operating system for an Azure Virtual Desktop implementation

 plan and configure name resolution for Active Directory (AD) and Azure Active Directory

Domain Services (Azure AD DS)

 plan a host pools architecture

 recommend resource groups, subscriptions, and management groups

 configure a location for the Azure Virtual Desktop metadata

 calculate and recommend a configuration for performance requirements

 calculate and recommend a configuration for Azure Virtual Machine capacity requirements

Design for user identities and profiles

 select an appropriate licensing model for Azure Virtual Desktop based on requirements

 recommend an appropriate storage solution (including Azure NetApp Files versus Azure Files)

 plan for Azure Virtual Desktop client deployment

 plan for user profiles

 recommend a solution for network connectivity

 plan for Azure AD Connect for user identities

Implement an Azure Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (25-30%)

Implement and manage networking for Azure Virtual Desktop

 implement Azure virtual network connectivity

 manage connectivity to the internet and on-premises networks

 implement and manage network security

 manage Azure Virtual Desktop session hosts by using Azure Bastion

 monitor and troubleshoot network connectivity

Implement and manage storage for Azure Virtual Desktop

 configure storage for FSLogix components

 configure storage accounts

 configure disks

 create file shares

Create and configure host pools and session hosts

 create a host pool by using the Azure portal

 automate creation of Azure Virtual Desktop host and host pools by using PowerShell, Command-Line Interface (CLI), and Azure Resource Manager templates

 create a host pool based on Windows client or Windows Server session hosts

 configure host pool settings

 manage licensing for session hosts that run Windows client or Windows Server

 assign users to host pools

 apply OS and application updates to a running Azure Virtual Desktop host

 apply security and compliance settings to session hosts

Create and manage session host images

 create a gold image

 modify a session host image

 install language packs in Azure Virtual Desktop

 deploy a session host by using a custom image

 plan for image update and management

 create and use a Shared Image Gallery

 troubleshoot OS issues related to Azure Virtual Desktop

Manage Access and Security (10-15%)

Manage access

 plan and implement Azure roles and role-based access control (RBAC) for Azure Virtual Desktop

 manage local roles, groups and rights assignment on Azure Virtual Desktop session hosts

 configure user restrictions by using Azure AD group policies and AD policies Manage security

 plan and implement Conditional Access policies for connections to Azure Virtual Desktop

 plan and implement multifactor authentication in Azure Virtual Desktop

 manage security by using Azure Security Center

 configure Microsoft Defender Antivirus for session hosts

Manage User Environments and Apps (20-25%)

Implement and manage FSLogix

 plan for FSLogix

 install and configure FSLogix

 configure Profile Containers

 configure Cloud Cache

 migrate user profiles to FSLogix

Configure user experience settings

 configure Universal Print

 configure user settings through group policies and Endpoint Manager policies

 configure persistent and non-persistent desktop environments

 configure Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) properties on a host pool

 configure session timeout properties

 troubleshoot user profile issues

 troubleshoot Azure Virtual Desktop clients

Install and configure apps on a session host

 configure dynamic application delivery by using MSIX App Attach

 implement application masking

 deploy an application as a RemoteApp

 implement and manage OneDrive for Business for a multi-session environment

 implement and manage Microsoft Teams AV Redirect

 implement and manage browsers and internet access for Azure Virtual Desktop sessions

 create and configure an application group

 troubleshoot application issues related to Azure Virtual Desktop

Monitor and Maintain an Azure Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (20-25%)

Plan and implement business continuity and disaster recovery

 plan and implement a disaster recovery plan for Azure Virtual Desktop

 design a backup strategy for Azure Virtual Desktop

 configure backup and restore for FSLogix user profiles, personal virtual desktop

infrastructures (VDIs), and golden images

Automate Azure Virtual Desktop management tasks

 configure automation for Azure Virtual Desktop

 automate management of host pools, session hosts, and user sessions by using

PowerShell and Azure Command-Line Interface (CLI)

 implement autoscaling in host pools

Monitor and manage performance and health

 monitor Azure Virtual Desktop by using Azure Monitor

 monitor Azure Virtual Desktop by using Azure Advisor

 customize Azure Monitor workbooks for Azure Virtual Desktop monitoring

 optimize session host capacity and performance

 manage active sessions and application groups

 monitor and optimize autoscaling results



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug