Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : AZ-700
Exam Name : Designing and Implementing Microsoft Azure Networking Solutions
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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AZ-700 exam Format | AZ-700 Course Contents | AZ-700 Course Outline | AZ-700 exam Syllabus | AZ-700 exam Objectives


Design and implement core networking infrastructure
- Design and implement IP addressing for Azure resources
- Plan and implement network segmentation and address spaces
- Create a virtual network (VNet)
- Plan and configure subnetting for services, including VNet gateways, private endpoints, service endpoints, firewalls, application gateways, VNet-integrated platform services, and Azure Bastion
- Plan and configure subnet delegation
- Plan and configure shared or dedicated subnets
- Create a prefix for public IP addresses
- Choose when to use a public IP address prefix
- Plan and implement a custom public IP address prefix (bring your own IP)
- Create a public IP address
- Associate public IP addresses to resources
- Design and implement name resolution
- Design name resolution inside a VNet
- Configure DNS settings for a VNet
- Design public DNS zones
- Design private DNS zones
- Configure public and private DNS zones
- Link a private DNS zone to a VNet
- Design and implement Azure DNS Private Resolver
- Design and implement VNet connectivity and routing
- Design service chaining, including gateway transit
- Implement VNet peering
- Implement and manage virtual network connectivity by using Azure Virtual Network Manager
- Design and implement user-defined routes (UDRs)
- Associate a route table with a subnet
- Configure forced tunneling
- Diagnose and resolve routing issues
- Design and implement Azure Route Server
- Identify appropriate use cases for a network address translation (NAT) gateway
- Implement a NAT gateway
- Monitor networks
- Configure monitoring, network diagnostics, and logs in Azure Network Watcher
- Monitor and troubleshoot network health by using Azure Network Watcher
- Monitor and troubleshoot networks by using Azure Monitor Network Insights
- Activate and monitor distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) protection
- Evaluate network security recommendations identified by Microsoft Defender for Cloud Secure Score
- Evaluate network security recommendations identified by Microsoft Defender For Cloud Attack Path Analysis
- Identify network resources by using Microsoft Defender for Cloud Security Explorer
Design, implement, and manage connectivity services
- Design, implement, and manage a site-to-site VPN connection
- Design a site-to-site VPN connection, including for high availability
- Select an appropriate VNet gateway stock-keeping unit (SKU) for site-to-site VPN requirements
- Implement a site-to-site VPN connection
- Identify when to use a policy-based VPN versus a route-based VPN connection
- Create and configure a local network gateway
- Create and configure an IPsec/Internet Key Exchange (IKE) policy
- Create and configure a virtual network gateway
- Diagnose and resolve virtual network gateway connectivity issues
- Implement Azure Extended Network
- Design, implement, and manage a point-to-site VPN connection
- Select an appropriate virtual network gateway SKU for point-to-site VPN requirements
- Select and configure a tunnel type
- Select an appropriate authentication method
- Configure RADIUS authentication
- Configure authentication by using Microsoft Entra ID
- Implement a VPN client configuration file
- Diagnose and resolve client-side and authentication issues
- Specify Azure requirements for Always On VPN
- Specify Azure requirements for Azure Network Adapter
- Design, implement, and manage Azure ExpressRoute
- Select an ExpressRoute connectivity model
- Select an appropriate ExpressRoute SKU and tier
- Design and implement ExpressRoute to meet requirements, including cross-region connectivity, redundancy, and disaster recovery
- Design and implement ExpressRoute options, including Global Reach, FastPath, and ExpressRoute Direct
- Choose between Azure private peering only, Microsoft peering only, or both
- Configure Azure private peering
- Configure Microsoft peering
- Create and configure an ExpressRoute gateway
- Connect a virtual network to an ExpressRoute circuit
- Recommend a route advertisement configuration
- Configure encryption over ExpressRoute
- Implement Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
- Diagnose and resolve ExpressRoute connection issues
- Design and implement an Azure Virtual WAN architecture
- Select a Virtual WAN SKU
- Design a Virtual WAN architecture, including selecting types and services
- Create a hub in Virtual WAN
- Choose an appropriate scale unit for each gateway type
- Deploy a gateway into a Virtual WAN hub
- Configure virtual hub routing
- Integrate a Virtual WAN hub with a third-party NVA for cloud connectivity
Design and implement application delivery services
- Design and implement Azure Load Balancer and Azure Traffic Manager
- Map requirements to features and capabilities of Azure Load Balancer
- Identify appropriate use cases for Azure Load Balancer
- Choose an Azure Load Balancer SKU and tier
- Choose between public and internal load balancers
- Choose between regional and global load balancers
- Create and configure an Azure Load Balancer
- Implement Azure Traffic Manager
- Implement a gateway load balancer
- Implement a load balancing rule
- Create and configure inbound NAT rules
- Create and configure explicit outbound rules, including source network address translation (SNAT)
- Design and implement Azure Application Gateway
- Map requirements to features and capabilities of Azure Application Gateway
- Identify appropriate use cases for Azure Application Gateway
- Choose between manual and autoscale
- Create a back-end pool
- Configure health probes
- Configure listeners
- Configure routing rules
- Configure HTTP settings
- Configure Transport Layer Security (TLS)
- Configure rewrite sets
- Design and implement Azure Front Door
- Map requirements to features and capabilities of Azure Front Door
- Identify appropriate use cases for Azure Front Door
- Choose an appropriate tier
- Configure an Azure Front Door, including routing, origins, and endpoints
- Configure SSL termination and end-to-end SSL encryption
- Configure caching
- Configure traffic acceleration
- Implement rules, URL rewrite, and URL redirect
- Secure an origin by using Azure Private Link in Azure Front Door
Design and implement private access to Azure services
- Design and implement Azure Private Link service and Azure private endpoints
- Plan private endpoints
- Create private endpoints
- Configure access to private endpoints
- Create a Private Link service
- Integrate Private Link and Private Endpoint with DNS
- Integrate a Private Link service with on-premises clients
- Design and implement service endpoints
- Choose when to use a service endpoint
- Create service endpoints
- Configure service endpoint policies
- Configure access to service endpoints
Design and implement Azure network security services
- Implement and manage network security groups
- Create a network security group (NSG)
- Associate a NSG to a resource
- Create an application security group (ASG)
- Associate an ASG to a network interface card (NIC)
- Create and configure NSG inbound and outbound security rules
- Implement virtual network flow logs
- Interpret virtual network flow logs
- Verify IP flow
- Configure an NSG for remote server administration, including Azure Bastion
- Implement and manage virtual network security by using Azure Virtual Network Manager
- Design and implement Azure Firewall and Azure Firewall Manager
- Map requirements to features and capabilities of Azure Firewall
- Select an appropriate Azure Firewall SKU
- Design an Azure Firewall deployment
- Create and implement an Azure Firewall deployment
- Configure Azure Firewall rules
- Create and implement Azure Firewall Manager policies
- Create a secure hub by deploying Azure Firewall inside an Azure Virtual WAN hub
- Design and implement a Web Application Firewall (WAF) deployment
- Map requirements to features and capabilities of WAF
- Design a WAF deployment
- Configure detection or prevention mode
- Configure rule sets for WAF on Azure Front Door
- Configure rule sets for WAF on Application Gateway
- Implement a WAF policy
- Associate a WAF policy



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug