Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Microsoft AZ-800 : Administering Windows Server Hybrid Core Infrastructure exam Dumps

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Exam Number : AZ-800
Exam Name : Administering Windows Server Hybrid Core Infrastructure
Vendor Name : Microsoft
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AZ-800 exam Format | AZ-800 Course Contents | AZ-800 Course Outline | AZ-800 exam Syllabus | AZ-800 exam Objectives

Exam Details for AZ-800 Administering Windows Server Hybrid Core Infrastructure:

Number of Questions: The exam consists of approximately 40-60 questions.

Time Limit: The total time allocated for the exam is 180 minutes (3 hours).

Passing Score: To pass the exam, you must achieve a minimum score of 700 out of 1000.

Exam Format: The exam is conducted online and may include various question types such as multiple-choice, scenario-based, and interactive questions.

Course Outline:

1. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Networking:
- Configuring Azure Virtual Networks
- Implementing hybrid connectivity with Azure ExpressRoute
- Configuring hybrid network security

2. Implementing and Managing Azure Active Directory:
- Integrating on-premises Active Directory with Azure AD
- Implementing Azure AD Connect
- Managing Azure AD identities and access

3. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Identity:
- Configuring Azure AD Connect for hybrid identity
- Implementing Azure AD Connect Health
- Implementing Azure Multi-Factor Authentication

4. Implementing and Managing Azure Backup and Site Recovery:
- Implementing Azure Backup for hybrid workloads
- Configuring Azure Site Recovery for hybrid disaster recovery
- Monitoring and managing backup and recovery operations

5. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Virtual Machines:
- Deploying and managing Azure virtual machines
- Configuring Azure VM networking and storage
- Managing hybrid VM connectivity and operations

6. Implementing and Managing Azure Governance and Security:
- Implementing Azure Policy for hybrid infrastructure
- Configuring Azure Security Center for hybrid security
- Monitoring and managing hybrid governance and compliance

Exam Objectives:

1. Implement and manage hybrid networking solutions.
2. Integrate and manage Azure Active Directory.
3. Implement and manage hybrid identity solutions.
4. Implement and manage Azure backup and site recovery.
5. Deploy and manage hybrid virtual machines.
6. Implement and manage Azure governance and security.

Exam Syllabus:

The exam syllabus covers the following topics:

1. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Networking
- Azure Virtual Networks configuration
- Azure ExpressRoute for hybrid connectivity
- Hybrid network security configuration

2. Implementing and Managing Azure Active Directory
- Integration of on-premises Active Directory with Azure AD
- Azure AD Connect implementation
- Azure AD identity and access management

3. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Identity
- Azure AD Connect configuration for hybrid identity
- Azure AD Connect Health implementation
- Azure Multi-Factor Authentication implementation

4. Implementing and Managing Azure Backup and Site Recovery
- Azure Backup implementation for hybrid workloads
- Azure Site Recovery configuration for hybrid disaster recovery
- Monitoring and management of backup and recovery operations

5. Implementing and Managing Hybrid Virtual Machines
- Deployment and management of Azure virtual machines
- Azure VM networking and storage configuration
- Hybrid VM connectivity and operational management

6. Implementing and Managing Azure Governance and Security
- Azure Policy implementation for hybrid infrastructure
- Azure Security Center configuration for hybrid security
- Monitoring and management of hybrid governance and compliance

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Microsoft dumps Cortana leaving Siri as one of the last smart assistants

Microsoft makes room for Bing Chat

Siri appears to be the last smart assistant standing as Microsoft quietly sunsets Cortana in Windows, but this may be a meaningless victory given the rise of AI-based chatbots.

Cortana's death has been a long time coming. Microsoft began removing support for Cortana on mobile in 2021 and is now killing it off on Windows as well.

According to a Microsoft support document first shared by Windows Latest, Cortana will no longer be supported in Windows starting in August 2023. While it didn't provide a specific day, it seems an update will erase this smart assistant at any time, if not already.

Of course, the news isn't a surprise as Microsoft turns its attention to the new and shiny toy provided by an OpenAI partnership — Bing Chat. This Large Language Model-powered chatbot can answer complex questions and summarize sources with some questionable accuracy.

Other competitors in the smart assistant space that started with Siri in 2011 included Google Assistant, Amazon Alexa, Samsung Bixby, and dozens of other short-lived assistants. However, it seems everyone is moving on except Apple.

During the post-COVID layoffs that hit nearly every tech company except Apple, Amazon laid off a large chunk of its Alexa division. The company seems to bleed cash from Alexa and has slowly deprioritized the division, despite releasing new hardware.

If you've forgotten about Bixby, don't worry, so has Samsung. The assistant was slowly pushed to the background in favor of Google Assistant somewhere around 2020.

But even Google seems to be backing off its pride and joy smart assistant in favor of Bard. Google mentioned "AI" over 100 times during its 2023 I/O, but with emphasis on Bard and other LLMs — Google Assistant was an afterthought.

Siri is still a priority for Apple

That leaves Apple and Siri. Even as Apple's CEO Tim Cook states that some portion of its increasing R&D spend is going to Apple AI research, the results haven't shown in Siri — yet. There have been alleged internal arguments about Apple's need to abandon Siri for a restart aimed at LLMs like Bard, but a concern for user privacy continues to win out.

Regardless of Apple's approach, they at AppleInsider find it difficult to believe Apple would abandon a brand like Siri, despite the cruft. Even if the company rewrites Siri from scratch, they expect whatever LLM form it takes will still be called Siri.

Apple has always been a smart brand company and is unwilling to abandon recognizable product names. It isn't about to change the name of one of its most well-known products into something unrecognizable — that would lack business sense.

UPSC Public Administration Optional Syllabus: obtain PDF for Mains Exam

UPSC Public Administration Syllabus: Preparing for UPSC CSE Mains exam and optional Public Administration, then check the topic-wise UPSC Public Administration Optional Syllabus for Papers 1 & 2, PDF here.

UPSC Public Administration

UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus 2023 PDF

The Public Administration optional syllabus is divided into two papers i.e. Paper I and Paper II in UPSC Mains exam. Each paper is conducted for 250 marks with a total of 500 marks. One must adhere to the UPSC Public Administration mains syllabus and the right resources to increase their chances of scoring High Score in the civil services exam. Mentioned below is the topic-wise UPSC Public Administration syllabus for both the papers discussed below.

UPSC Public Administration Mains Optional Syllabus for Paper I

The UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus for Paper I covers courses like Administrative Thought, Administrative Behaviour, Organisations, Accountability and Control, Administrative Law, Comparative Public Administration, Development Dynamics, Personnel Administration, etc. Check the topic-wise UPSC Public Administration mains Paper I syllabus shared below.

Administration Theory

Introduction: Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration, Wilson’s vision of Public Administration, Evolution of the discipline and its present status. New Public Administration, Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; New Public Management.

Administrative Thought: Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model its critique and post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C. Argyris, D. McGregor.)

Administrative Behaviour: Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modem:

Organizations: Theories systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies; Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc, and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public-Private Partnerships.

Accountability and Control: Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and judicial control over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.

Administrative Law: Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.

Comparative Public Administration: Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and their critique.

Development Dynamics: Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries; Women and development the self-help group movement.

Personnel Administration: Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal, promotion, pray and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.

Public Policy: Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.

Techniques of Administrative Improvement: Organisation and methods, Work study and work management, e-governance and information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, and CPM.

Financial Administration: Monetary and fiscal policies: Public borrowings and public debt Budgets types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.

UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus for Paper II

The UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus for Paper II covers courses like the Evolution of Indian Administration, the Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government, Public Sector Undertakings, Union Government and Administration, Plans and Priorities, State Government and Administration, etc. Check the topic-wise UPSC Public Administration mains Paper II syllabus shared below.

Indian Administration

Evolution of Indian Administration: Kautilya Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration Indianization of Public services, revenue administration, district Administration, local self Government.

Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government: Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.

Public Sector Undertakings: Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability, and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.

Union Government and Administration: Executive, Parliament, Judiciary-structure, functions, work processes; exact trends; Intra-governmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field organizations.

Plans and Priorities: Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’ planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development and social justice.

State Government and Administration: Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.

District Administration since Independence: The changing role of the Collector; Union-State-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law and order administration; District Administration and democratic decentralization.

Civil Services: Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity building; Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations; Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civil service activism.

Financial Management: Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure; Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques; Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Administrative Reforms since Independence: Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financial management and human resource development; Problems of implementation.

Rural Development: Institutions and agencies since Independence; Rural development programmes: foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutional amendment.

Urban Local Government: Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas; 74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism; Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to city management.

Law and Order Administration: British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role of Central and State Agencies including para military forces in maintenance of law and order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politics and administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.

Significant issues in Indian Administration: Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human Rights Commission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management

How to Prepare for UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus 2023?

Public Administration is one of the popular optional subjects in the UPSC mains exam. Therefore, one should clear the concepts of all the exam-relevant courses as it will allow them to answer the questions correctly in the exam. With this, they must develop a robust UPSC Public Administration preparation strategy and books. Check the best tips and tricks shared below to cover the entire UPSC Public Administration mains syllabus.

Understand Syllabus: One should be well-acquainted with the UPSC Public Administration mains syllabus to cover all the courses and sub-topics important from an exam perspective.

Clear Concepts: The next tip is to learn the fundamentals of all the courses prescribed in the syllabus. It is crucial to master the concepts thoroughly to answer the questions correctly in the exam.

Previous Year Papers: Practice UPSC Public Administration's previous year's papers to understand the courses along with the question weightage asked in the exam.

Practice of Answer-writing: After covering at least 40% of the syllabus, one should commence answer-writing practice. This will help them to learn the way to manage their time effectively with speed and accuracy.

Solve Mock Tests: Candidates must practice full-length tests to analyze their performance and gauge their preparation level. Also, it will help them to discover their mistakes and allow them to focus more on their weak areas.

Booklist for UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus

A wide range of UPSC Public Administration books and resources are available online and in the local market that cover all the aspects of the UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus. Let’s look at the paper-wise books for the Public Administration optional subject shared below:

Public Policy: Concept, Theory, and Practice by Bidyut Chakrabarty and Prakash Chand

New Horizons of Public Administration by Mohit Bhattacharya

Administrative Thinkers by Prasad and Prasad

Public Administration-Laxmikant

IGNOU BA and MA Notes

Essentials of organizational behavior by Stephen Robbins

Public Administration And Public Affairs by Nicholas Henry

FAQ Which basic books cover UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus?

Some of the basic books that cover the UPSC Public Administration mains syllabus include Public Policy: Concept, Theory, and Practice by Bidyut Chakrabarty and Prakash Chand, New Horizons of Public Administration by Mohit Bhattacharya, Administrative Thinkers by Prasad and Prasad, etc.

How to prepare for the UPSC Public Administration mains syllabus?

To prepare well for the Public Administration optional subject, candidates should analyze the UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus, clear the basic concepts, and practice answer writing regularly.

Is Public Administration UPSC easy?

Public Administration is a popular scoring subject among all the optional papers in the UPSC mains exam. As per the previous year's exam analysis, the question asked in Public Administration optional papers was moderate.

What is the UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus?

The UPSC Public Administration Mains Syllabus is divided into two papers i.e., Paper-1 and Paper-2. Paper I covers courses like Administrative Thought, Administrative Behaviour, Organisations, Accountability and Control, Administrative Law, Comparative Public Administration, etc. Paper II covers courses like the Evolution of Indian Administration, the Philosophical and Constitutional framework of Government, Public Sector Undertakings, Union Government and Administration, etc.

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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

Betriebsunterbrechung
Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
Mehrkosten
Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
Cyber-Erpressung
Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
Ersatz-IT-Hardware
Cyber-Betrug