Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : BL0-100
Exam Name : Nokia Bell Labs 5G Foundation
Vendor Name : Nokia
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BL0-100 test Format | BL0-100 Course Contents | BL0-100 Course Outline | BL0-100 test Syllabus | BL0-100 test Objectives
Exam Code: BL0-100
Exam Name: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Foundation
Number of questions: Approximately 40-60 questions (most sources converge on around 40 questions, with some indicating up to 60; it includes multiple-choice and multiple-response formats).
Time allotted: Typically 60-90 minutes (commonly aligned with similar foundational Nokia exams; exact time is confirmed at scheduling via Pearson VUE).
Passing marks/score: Generally 70% or higher (some references note around 70-80%, consistent with Nokia's other foundational exams like those requiring 80% in certain tracks, but 70% is the most cited threshold for BL0-100).
Question types: Primarily multiple-choice, with some multiple-response (select multiple correct answers) and possibly scenario-based questions.
Delivery: Online proctored or at testing centers via Pearson VUE.
- 5G Vision, Requirements, and Use Cases (Business and Strategic Aspects)
- 5G business drivers and opportunities
- Key performance requirements (eMBB, URLLC, mMTC)
- Comparison of 5G vs. previous generations (4G/LTE limitations and improvements)
- 5G use cases and applications (enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT, critical communications, industrial automation, fixed wireless access, etc.)
- Industry verticals and societal impacts
- 5G Radio Access Network (RAN) and Air Interface
- 5G New Radio (NR) fundamentals
- Frequency bands (sub-6 GHz and mmWave)
- Massive MIMO and beamforming
- Advanced antenna systems
- Numerology, frame structure, and waveforms (OFDM-based)
- Key enabling technologies: higher bandwidth, lower latency, higher reliability
- 5G Core Network (5GC)
- Service-Based Architecture (SBA)
- Network Functions (AMF, SMF, UPF, AUSF, UDM, PCF, etc.)
- Control plane and user plane separation
- Cloud-native and microservices principles in 5GC
- Comparison with 4G EPC
- Network Slicing
- Concept and architecture of network slicing
- End-to-end slicing across RAN, transport, and core
- Slice isolation, customization, and QoS differentiation
- Differences from 4G slicing approaches
- Use cases requiring slicing (e.g., enterprise private networks)
- 5G Transport and Backhaul / Fronthaul
- 5G transport requirements (higher capacity, lower latency, synchronization)
- Fronthaul options (CPRI/eCPRI, packet-based)
- Backhaul technologies (fiber, microwave, IP/MPLS)
- Segment routing and other transport innovations
- Cloud, Virtualization, and Automation in 5G
- Cloud-native principles
- NFV (Network Functions Virtualization) and VNFs
- Containerization and orchestration (e.g., Kubernetes relevance)
- Automation factors and benefits in 5G networks
- 5G Security
- Security challenges in 5G (massive device connectivity, software-defined nature, sensitive applications)
- Key security aspects: network access security, user plane integrity, privacy, slicing security
- Enhanced security features compared to 4G
- Key Enabling Technologies and Performance Aspects
- Edge computing (MEC – Multi-access Edge Computing)
- Ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) mechanisms
- Massive machine-type communication (mMTC) optimizations
- Energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency improvements
- eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband)
- URLLC (Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication)
- mMTC (massive Machine-Type Communications)
- gNB (next-generation NodeB)
- CU/DU split (Central Unit / Distributed Unit)
- NSA (Non-Standalone) vs. SA (Standalone) 5G deployment
- EN-DC (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity)
- Service-Based Interface (SBI)
- PDU Session
- SST (Slice/Service Type), SD (Slice Differentiator)
- Network Slice Instance (NSI)
- Massive MIMO, beamforming, analog/digital beamforming
- Numerology (μ parameter), subcarrier spacing
- TDD/FDD, dynamic TDD
- eCPRI (enhanced Common Public Radio Interface)
- Time-sensitive networking (TSN)
- Zero-touch automation
- Security domains: NAS security, AS security
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
