Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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BONENT CHT : Certified Hemodialysis Technologist - Technician (CHT) exam MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : BONENT-CHT
Exam Name : Certified Hemodialysis Technologist - Technician (CHT)
Vendor Name : BONENT
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BONENT-CHT exam Format | BONENT-CHT Course Contents | BONENT-CHT Course Outline | BONENT-CHT exam Syllabus | BONENT-CHT exam Objectives


Exam Code: CHT
Exam Name: BONENT Certified Hemodialysis Technologist - Technician (CHT)
Format: 150 multiple-choice questions.
Time Limit: 3 hours.
Delivery Methods:
Paper and Pencil exam (PPE): Offered at specific locations and dates (check the PPE schedule on the BONENT website).
Computer-Based Testing (CBT): Available at approved testing centers, with scheduling flexibility after application approval.
Scoring: Uses a scaled scoring system (1–100). A minimum scaled score of 70 is required to pass. Results are provided immediately for CBT; PPE results may take longer.

DOMAIN I: Patient Care (45%)
- Evaluate Patient Pre and Post Treatment
- Evaluate fluid management
- Replacement therapy
- Sequential ultrafiltration
- Ultrafiltration concepts
- Collect and evaluate patient data
- Vital signs
- Weight evaluation
- Access patency
- Edema
- Signs and symptoms of infection
- Hemostasis
- Orthostasis
- Need for supplemental oxygen
- Document exam
- Report complaints or observations to nurse
- Document observations in medical record
- Discuss ultrafiltration plan with nurse
- Evaluate, Intervene and Manage Treatment
- Pre treatment
- Set treatment parameters per physician order (e.g., bath, blood flow rate, dialysate flow rate)
- Check reuse dialyzer label
- Inspect dialyzer
- Evaluate access (e.g., patency, infection, appearance)
- Prepare vascular access for cannulation
- Prepare CVC and change dressing
- Gain access
- Collect laboratory samples (e.g., cultures, blood, urine)
- Administer heparin for initiation of treatment
- Verify patient identification at initiation of dialysis
- treatment (e.g., set parameters, blood flow rate, dialysate flow)
- Document observations and patient data
- During treatment
- Collect laboratory samples (e.g., cultures, blood, urine)
- Monitor and record treatment data
- Identify and respond to complications
- Notify nurse of any changes in patient condition
- Administer oxygen to patient by cannula or mask
- Respond to dialysis machine alarms
- Document observations and patient data
- Post treatment
- Collect laboratory samples (e.g., cultures, blood, urine)
- Perform procedures to terminate dialysis treatment
- Needle site care per protocol (e.g., removal, pressure, dressing)
- Catheter care per protocol
- Document observations and patient data
- Check dialyzer efficiency (e.g., clots, fibers, leaks)

DOMAIN II: Machine Technology (12%)
- Maintain Dialysis Machine
- Clean and disinfect dialysis equipment
- Record all machine disinfection
- Check readiness of emergency equipment
- Verify the calibration of ancillary medical equipment
- Recognize errors in blood and dialysate flow rates
- Set-up Machine
- Prepare dialysis equipment for treatment (e.g., prime, rinse, fluid delivery system)
- Prepare auxiliary equipment (e.g., oxygen therapy, glucometer, conductivity meter)
- Rotate dialysis equipment in dialysis unit
- Perform residual chemical checks
- Perform required safety checks on dialysis equipment (e.g., conductivity, pH, temperature)
- Test alarms (e.g., air detector, venous/arterial pressure, blood leak detector)
- Prepare and verify bicarbonate and acid solutions
- Document daily equipment logs
- Evaluate Machine Operation
- Understand quality control of dialysis equipment per Association for the Advancement of Medical
- Perform rinse procedures for dialysis delivery systems
- Perform disinfect procedures for dialysis delivery systems
- Understand equipment maintenance records for compliances with regulatory and standard setting
- Adhere to equipment maintenance procedures and schedules

DOMAIN III: Water Treatment (15%)
- Understand Components/Design of Systems
- Recognize actions
- Recognize the process of ultraviolet light exposure
- Maintain Systems
- Understand the process of disinfecting water treatment system
- Understand the maintenance of all treatment components
- Perform water treatment system checks
- Monitor and Evaluate Systems
- Understand quality control of reprocessing equipment per AAMI standards
- Monitor total chlorine or chloramines
- Maintain water treatment systems records for compliance with regulatory and standard setting

DOMAIN IV: Infection Control (18%)
- Maintain a Clean and Safe Patient Environment
- Follow all clean/dirty procedures in order to eliminate cross-contamination
- Recognize complications in dialysis treatments regarding infectious diseases (e.g., AIDS, TB, influenza)
- Ancillary equipment and supplies
- Demonstrate understanding and perform cannulation using aseptic technique for needle insertion and all
- Glove changing
- Wash machines, station area, and chairs after each patient run
- Hand washing
- Use Dialysis Precautions
- Personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gown, gloves, mask)
- Disinfecting dialysis station
- Disposal of biohazard waste and SHARPS
- Implement Isolation Procedures
- Designated equipment
- Understand CMS requirements for designated staff
- Understand status of patients hepatitis survey
- Disinfection

DOMAIN V: Education and Professional Development (10%)
- Educate Patient
- Advise patient of discharge instructions (e.g., diet, fluid intake, medication regiment)
- Advise patient and family members based on physicians orders (e.g., personal hygiene, self- care, treatment modalities)
- Explain dialysis concepts to patients
- Review and reinforce dialysis prescription
- Describe basic features of end stage renal disease (ESRD)
- Complications
- Hemodialysis treatment
- Psychosocial implications
- Dietary restrictions
- Treatment modality
- Describe treatment of acute renal failure
- Engage in Professional Development
- Continuing education of dialysis (e.g., attend meetings, workshops, conferences)
- Multidisciplinary care plans
- Medications in the dialysis clinic (e.g., anticoagulants, antihypertensives, erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESA))
- Proper body mechanics for patient and self
- Professional ethics and boundaries
- Dialysis unit safety procedures (e.g., fire drills, disaster drill, bomb threat)
- Professional literature
- Role of the preceptor
- Government regulations
- Treatment modalities (e.g., peritoneal, transplant, home hemodialysis)
- Understand Quality-Related Issues
- Document incidents (e.g., emergency-related, equipment/devices, patient care)
- Maintain documentation/data
- Process improvement
- Treatment
- Maintain storage of medications (e.g., heparin, normal saline, Xylocaine)
- Maintain storage of equipment and supplies
- Participate in quality assurance process improvement (QAPI) activities
- Participate in the development of dialysis unit objectives
- Demonstrate Communication Skills with Staff Members
- Promote a teamwork approach by offering information, advice, and assistance
- Contribute to constructive working relationships
- Participate in self and/or peer evaluations as directed
- Ensure the confidentiality of patient and employee information
- Assist in orientation of new staff members



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug