Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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NCC C-ONQS : Certified Obstetric and Neonatal Quality and Safety exam Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : C-ONQS
Exam Name : Certified Obstetric and Neonatal Quality and Safety
Vendor Name : NCC
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C-ONQS exam Format | C-ONQS Course Contents | C-ONQS Course Outline | C-ONQS exam Syllabus | C-ONQS exam Objectives


Exam Code: C-ONQS
Certification Name: NCC Certified Obstetric and Neonatal Quality and Safety (C-ONQS)
Issuing Organization: National Certification Corporation (NCC)
Exam Type: Computer-based, multiple-choice questions
Number of Questions: ~150-175 (including unscored pilot questions)
Duration: 3 hours
Passing Score: Scaled score (typically around 70-75% correct)

I. Methods to assess organization, institutional and environmental culture and patient experience
- Healthcare quality improvement goals
- Domains of quality
- Timeliness
- Effectiveness
- Patient centered
- Efficiency
- Safety
- Equitability
- Dimensions of quality (Donabedian)
- Structure
- Process
- Outcome
- System goals
- Population health
- Patient experience
- Healthcare

- Adverse events and event reporting
- Monitoring and procedure surveillance
- Incident/safety reports
- Near misses
- Root cause analysis
- Mortality and morbidity
- Methods of event reporting
- Video
- Direct observation
- Auditing
- Patient reported events
- Institutional processes and priorities
- Regulatory
- Certifications
- Accreditation
- Peer-review
- Assessment strategies
- Defining population
- Assembling teams
- Reviewing literature
- Identifying measures
- Assessing patient/family perspective
- Assess and Excellerate organizational culture
- Culture
- Just culture

II. National Quality and Safety Standards and Clinical Guidelines
- Awareness of legal/statutory and national quality and safety standards and clinical practice guidelines in obstetrical and neonatal care
- Perinatal core measures
- GBS guidelines
- Guidelines to prevent hospital associated infections
- Guidelines for perinatal care current edition
- AWOHNN guidelines Maternal health

III. Quality and Safety metrics to identify state of performance, gaps and opportunities
- General quality and safety principles and terminology
- Quality assurance versus quality improvement
- Quality versus safety
- Metrics
- outcome
- process
- structure
- access
- Risk adjustment
- Benchmarking
- Gap analysis
- Participation and shared decision making
- Systems thinking
- Methodologies of data display
- How to implement and evaluate data collection strategies
- Process tools
- Huddle tools
- Trigger tools
- Chart review

I. Quality and Safety aims, tools, checklists and communication strategies
- Human psychology and cognition
- Situational awareness
- Violations of process/protocols
- Risk taking
- Fear of repercussions
- Cognitive biases
- Attention and distractions
- Stress
- Burn out and fatigue
- Safety climate
- Briefings
- Family involvement councils
- Committees
- Collaborations and effective communication strategies
- Standardized communication
- Handoffs
- SBAR
- I-PASS
- Debriefing
- Care transitions

II. Team function, leadership, empowerment
- Leadership skills
- Self-awareness/management
- Mentoring
- Sustainability
- Succession and transition planning
- Communication and conflict management
- Change management
- Principles and concepts of teams
- Team development
- Structures and function
- Diversity and inclusivity
- Collaboration
- Mutual respect
- Information diffusion
- Team meetings
- Code of conduct

III. Training exercises, learning principles, mock codes and simulation
- Effective learning/teaching principles
- Adult learning principles
- Generational learning styles
- Remote or distance learning methodologies
- Interprofessional
- Use and principles of simulation
- Unit drills
- Simulated care processes

IV. Advocating for ongoing resources, risk management
- Methods for determining human resource needs
- Hours per patient day
- Work hours per unit of service
- Work hours per birth
- Clinician to patient ratio
- Standards for staffing
- Human factors that impact the work environment
- EMR
- Medical devices
- Alarm fatigue
- Distractions
- Interruptions
- Overcrowding
- Noise
- Ergonomics of procedures
- Patient census acuity
- Staffing
- Fatigue
- Work arounds
- Design of systems and processes
- Relevant aspects of structural design standards
- Layout and design
- Resource placement
- Lighting
- Signage and way finding

V. Inform and disseminate outcome data, benchmarking and transparency
- Various methods for educating and disseminating QNS data to various stakeholders
- Annual reports
- Presentations
- Publications
- Public reporting
- Websites
- Social/other medias
- Share data on key quality indicators with colleagues/organizations to improve
- Education campaigns
- Peer
- Benchmarking/accountability

I. Selecting and monitoring key quality metrics
- Prioritize opportunities for improvement
- Relative importance to different stakeholders
- Patient, family, provider, facility, healthcare, system, payor
- Develop goal statements
- Specific
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Relevant
- timebound
- Types of metrics
- Outcome
- Process
- Structure
- Access
- Patient experience
- Patient satisfaction
- Balancing measures and metrics
- Unintended consequences of metrics
- Balancing measure to mitigate unintended consequences
- Outcome, process and structure measures
- Familiarity with common methods for quality and safety improvement initiatives
- Models for improvement
- PDSA/PDCA
- Improve
- Six sigma
- Lean

II. Identify population, measures and data collection
- Project team formation and dynamics
- Identification of stakeholders
- Identification of champions
- Influencer model
- Patient/family perspective
- Appraise and prioritize literature relevant to project
- Randomized trials
- Meta-analysis
- Expert opinion
- Observational studies
- Consensus documents

- Improvement process
- Selection of interventions
- Planning implementation
- Tracking of improvements
- Data definitions
- Data collection
- Data quality assurance
- Graphs and tables
- Analysis
- Interpretation

III. Integration into workflow, error prevention strategies and auditing
- Errors and Risk reduction strategies and use of cognitive aids
- Bundles
- Checklists
- Flow sheets
- Timeouts
- Guidelines
- Structured communication
- Patient identification
- Barcodes
- E-prescribing
- Computerized physician order entry
- Medication administration processes
- Human milk handling processes
- Blood product administration processes
- Food and nutrition safety
- Errors and Risk reduction strategies and use of cognitive aids
- Feedback
- Surveillance

I. Tools of evaluation (Fishbone, flow chart, run chart, control charts)
- Evaluation of outcomes and performance improvement
- Run charts
- Control charts
- Dashboards
- Interpret data
- Role of technology in quality improvements
- Data standardization and retrieval
- Standardization of EMR

II. Evaluate the balance between quality, outcomes and cost
- Understanding the interplay between costs, quality and value from the perspective of various stakeholders
- Monetary
- Non-monetary
- Patient and family experience
- Value equals quality divided by cost
- Identification of waste
- Duplication
- Tools to identify waste
- Wait times

III. Strategies for sustainment and positive change
- Recognition of threats to implementation and sustainability
- Fatigue
- Project fatigue
- Backsliding
- Knowledge exclusivity
- Large scale implementation without testing
- Research models
- Knowledge degradation
- Lack of upper-level support/commitment
- Lack of team integrity
- Lack of personnel
- Competing priorities
- Disruptive behavior
- Hierarchical professional behaviors
- Steps in project sustainability
- Communication
- Reporting
- Ongoing ownership
- Celebration of success
- Modification of data collection and review

I. Adverse events, disclosures, transparency, patient trust and risk mitigation
- Elements of effective disclosure
- Mandatory versus voluntary disclosure
- Disclosure of errors and near misses
- Explanation as to why error occurred
- How effects will be minimized
- Steps to prevent recurrences
- Apology
- Acknowledgement of responsibility
- Distinguishing different types of error including system error, blameless human error (inadvertent), and accountable human error (at risk, reckless, intentional harm)
- Differentiating human error from system error
- Differentiate between human error, at risk behavior, and reckless behavior
- Understanding and mitigating psychological harm experience by the patient and second victims
- Second victims
- Debriefing
- Communication strategies
- Counseling, employee assistance
- Support groups
- Emotional support

II. Professional and ethical issues
- Ethical principles as they apply to patients, families, providers and organizations
- Patient/family access
- Fairness, truthfulness, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, autonomy
- Awareness of differences between quality improvement projects and research
- Human subject protections
- IRB or local approval mechanism
- Compare research to quality improvement



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug