Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : C1000-141
Exam Name : IBM Maximo Manage v8.x Administrator
Vendor Name : IBM
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C1000-141 exam Format | C1000-141 Course Contents | C1000-141 Course Outline | C1000-141 exam Syllabus | C1000-141 exam Objectives


Exam Code: C1000-141
Exam Name: IBM Maximo Manage v8.x Administrator
Duration: 90 minutes
Number of Questions: Approximately 60
Passing Score: 63% (varies slightly based on exam difficulty)
Exam Format: Multiple-choice, multiple-response, drag-and-drop, scenario-based questions
Delivery Method: Online proctored or in-person at Pearson VUE test centers
Language: English

- Summarize the Maximo Application Suite (MAS) architecture
- Explain role of Entitled Registry / IBM Container library
- Define role of the MAS customization library and how its changes are applied
- Describe the process to update Maximo Manage
- Explain the use of server bundles and how to scale them
- View Red Hat OpenShift monitoring for Maximo Manage
- Reimport/renew certificates

- Apply a language pack
- Execute a rolling restart of Maximo Manage
- Obtain information on connected users
- Review Saved Queries in an Application
- Manage BIRT reports
- Configure and update statistics and indexes for tables
- Explain how to release a record locked in Edit Mode

- Explain where to define LDAP sync
- Add a new user at the MAS level
- Define Manage permissions for users
- Define user profile settings
- Explain difference between Person Group and Security Group
- Define and setup data restrictions in Security Groups
- Configure Work Center security access
- Configure and update security for object structures
- Setup reporting object structure security

- Add a new object or attribute
- Explain and define a lookup map
- Create a formula
- Configure the Language tables
- Explain and configure views
- Create a Relationship to display Attributes from one Object (Application) in an associated Object (Application)
- Configure e-signature for attributes and actions

- Configure e-audit
- Summarize the different types of domains and how to create and update them
- Locate and update appropriate System Properties
- Set Cron task do run and do not run setting
- Setup and configure the E-mail Listener
- Define where to enable a geographical map for the System
- Define Migration Manager Object, Create Packages and deploy to next environment

- Configure actions from Inspection forms
- Setup notifications
- Configure and use communication templates
- Define the usage of workflows
- Manage escalations
- Configure Cron tasks

- Manage Orgs, Sites and Sets
- Manage the financial structure
- Create and update calendars and shifts
- Describe the purpose of the Application Designer
- Configure a conditional UI property for a specific field
- Configure and administer Edit Mode

- Identify where automation scripts can be launched
- Create condition expressions
- Configure Start Centers
- Create and manage KPIs
- Describe how to execute asset cost rollup

- Explain log levels and loggers
- Troubleshooting common problems using loggers and system properties
- Identify common user messages and how to resolve them
- Run the Integrity Checker
- Run Performance monitor

- Describe the integration capabilities available in Maximo Manage
- Define object structure
- Create and configure endpoints & describe publish channels, enterprise services, and external systems
- Describe message tracking and reprocessing
- Configure app import and export
- Troubleshoot KAFKA queues



1. Installation and Configuration (20%)
- System Requirements & Prerequisites
- Hardware, software, and database requirements
- Supported operating systems and databases (Oracle, SQL Server, DB2)
- WebSphere Application Server (WAS) and WebLogic configurations
- Installation Process
- Silent vs. interactive installation
- Maximo Installation Manager (IM)
- Deployment options (on-premise, cloud, hybrid)

- Post-Installation Tasks
- License activation and validation
- Initial system configuration
- Database setup and schema creation
- Upgrades & Migration
- Planning and executing upgrades from previous versions
- Data migration strategies
- Troubleshooting upgrade issues

- Maximo Installation Manager (IM)
- WebSphere Application Server (WAS)
- Silent installation
- Database schema
- Deployment topology

2. System Administration (25%)
- Security & User Management
- Creating and managing users, groups, and roles
- Authentication methods (LDAP, SSO, Maximo security)
- Permissions and access control (Application, Object, Attribute levels)
- System Properties & Settings
- Configuring system properties (maximo.properties)
- Setting up email notifications
- Cron task scheduling

- Database Administration
- Database optimization and indexing
- Backup and recovery procedures
- Running database utilities (DB2, Oracle, SQL Server)
- Logging & Troubleshooting
- Log file analysis (SystemOut.log, maximo.log)
- Debugging and error resolution
- Performance tuning

- LDAP integration
- Single Sign-On (SSO)
- Cron tasks
- maximo.properties
- Object Structure

3. Application & Data Management (25%)
- Application Designer
- Customizing applications, menus, and start centers
- Creating/modifying business objects and relationships
- Configuring workflows and escalations
- Database & Data Management
- Database configuration (autokey, autonumber)
- Data import/export (MIF, CSV, XML)
- Data cleansing and validation

- Integration Framework
- Setting up integration frameworks (MIF, REST APIs)
- Configuring Enterprise Service (ES) and Object Structures
- Publish & Subscribe model
- Reporting & Analytics
- Configuring BIRT reports
- Setting up KPIs and dashboards
- Integration with Cognos Analytics

- Business Object (MBO)
- Enterprise Service (ES)
- MIF (Maximo Integration Framework)
- BIRT Reports
- Object Structures

4. Workflow & Automation (15%)
- Workflow Administration
- Designing and managing workflows
- Conditional nodes and approval processes
- Troubleshooting workflow errors
- Automation Scripting
- Creating automation scripts (Python, Jython)

- Event-based scripting (object save, attribute change)
- Best practices for script optimization
- Cron Tasks & Scheduled Jobs
- Setting up and monitoring cron tasks
- Automating routine maintenance tasks
- Error handling in scheduled jobs

- Workflow Designer
- Automation Scripts (Jython)
- Cron Task Scheduler
- Escalations

5. Troubleshooting & Performance Optimization (15%)
- Performance Tuning
- Database optimization techniques
- JVM tuning for WebSphere/WebLogic
- Caching strategies
- Error Handling & Debugging
- Common Maximo errors and resolutions

- Debugging techniques (logging, tracing)
- Analyzing system logs
- Disaster Recovery & High Availability
- Backup and restore procedures
- Failover and clustering configurations
- Disaster recovery planning

- JVM Heap Size
- Clustering
- Failover
- Log analysis



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug