Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : C1000-142
Exam Name : IBM Cloud Advocate v2
Vendor Name : IBM
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C1000-142 exam Format | C1000-142 Course Contents | C1000-142 Course Outline | C1000-142 exam Syllabus | C1000-142 exam Objectives


Exam Code: C1000-142
Exam Name: IBM Certified Advocate - Cloud v2
Number of questions: 65
Number of questions to pass: 39
Time allowed: 90 minutes

- Introduction to Cloud Computing
- Define ‘the cloud and why people use it
- Summarize the history and evolution of the cloud
- Define cloud adoption and migration
- Define the job roles that support cloud computing

- Cloud Services and Deployment Models
- Identify the established cloud deployment models
- Define the major cloud service models
- Summarize emergent cloud deployment models

- Fundamentals of IBM Cloud
- Explain the IBM Cloud Interface
- Identify the structure of IBM Cloud
- Recognize the security measures and security options in IBM Cloud
- List Industry Compliance Standards for IBM Cloud

- IBM Cloud Account Essentials
- Summarize Account Types
- Define Support Plans
- Define Identity and Access Management

- Services Available on IBM Cloud
- Define IBM Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
- Define core services available on IBM Cloud
- Identify the common cloud storage options
- Define Database as a Service and list offerings
- Review Watson AI services available on IBM Cloud
- Review Application Services on IBM Cloud
- Identify IBM Cloud security and monitoring services

- History of Cloud Computing:
- Evolution from mainframes to virtualization and modern cloud computing.
- Key milestones (e.g., development of virtualization, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS).

- Essential Characteristics (NIST framework):
- On-demand self-service: Users can provision resources without human interaction.
- Broad network access: Services available over the internet, accessible via various devices.
- Resource pooling: Multi-tenant model with shared resources (e.g., compute, storage).
- Rapid elasticity: Scalable resources that adjust to demand.
- Measured service: Pay-per-use or metered billing models.

- Benefits and Challenges:
- Advantages: Cost efficiency, scalability, accessibility.
- Challenges: Security concerns, vendor lock-in, compliance issues.

- Virtualization
- multi-tenancy
- elasticity
- scalability
- pay-per-use
- service-level agreement (SLA)
- cloud bursting


- Understand the Business Case for Cloud Computing
- Business Drivers:
- Cost reduction (CapEx to OpEx shift).
- Faster time-to-market for applications and services.
- Improved agility and innovation.

- Use Cases:
- Disaster recovery, data backup, and business continuity.
- Development and testing environments.
- Big data analytics and AI/ML workloads.

- Economic Models:
- Subscription-based pricing vs. traditional IT costs.
- Total cost of ownership (TCO) and return on investment (ROI).

- Capital expenditure (CapEx)
- operational expenditure (OpEx)
- agility
- business continuity
- TCO
- ROI
- hybrid IT

- Understand Cloud Computing Service and Deployment Models
- Service Models:
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): Provisioning of virtualized computing resources (e.g., VMs, storage, networks).
- Platform as a Service (PaaS): Development platforms for building and deploying applications.
- Software as a Service (SaaS): Ready-to-use software delivered over the internet.
- Function as a Service (FaaS): Serverless computing for event-driven tasks.

- Deployment Models:
- Public Cloud: Services offered over the public internet, shared across multiple organizations.
- Private Cloud: Dedicated cloud environment for a single organization.
- Hybrid Cloud: Combination of public and private clouds, enabling data and application portability.
- Community Cloud: Shared infrastructure for specific communities with common needs.

- IBM Cloud-Specific Context:
- Differentiating IBMs approach to hybrid and multi-cloud strategies.
- Examples of IBM Cloud services aligned with each model (e.g., IBM Cloud Virtual Servers for IaaS, IBM Cloud Foundry for PaaS).

- IaaS
- PaaS
- SaaS
- FaaS
- serverless
- public cloud
- private cloud
- hybrid cloud
- multi-cloud
- community cloud
- workload portability.

- Understand Components of Cloud Architecture
- Core Components:
- Compute: Virtual machines, containers, serverless functions.
- Storage: Object storage, block storage, file storage.
- Networking: Virtual private clouds (VPCs), load balancers, content delivery networks (CDNs).

- Architectural Principles:
- Scalability and high availability.
- Fault tolerance and redundancy.
- Microservices architecture vs. monolithic architecture.

- IBM Cloud Architecture:
- Overview of IBM Clouds global data centers and regions.
- Concepts like availability zones and multi-zone regions (MZRs).

- Virtual machine (VM)
- container
- Kubernetes
- Docker
- object storage
- block storage
- VPC
- load balancer
- CDN
- high availability (HA)
- fault tolerance
- microservices
- monolithic architecture
- MZR

- Understand IBM Cloud and Its Features
- IBM Cloud Platform Overview:
- Global infrastructure: Data centers, regions, and availability zones.
- Account types: Lite, Pay-As-You-Go, Subscription.
- IBM Cloud Console and CLI for managing resources.

- Key IBM Cloud Services:
- Compute Services: IBM Cloud Virtual Servers, Kubernetes Service, Red Hat OpenShift on IBM Cloud, Cloud Functions.
- Storage Services: IBM Cloud Object Storage, Block Storage, File Storage.
- Networking Services: VPC, Direct Link, Cloud Internet Services (CIS).
- AI and Data Analytics: Watson AI services (e.g., Watson Assistant, Watson Discovery), IBM Cloud Pak for Data.
- Security and Compliance: Identity and Access Management (IAM), Key Protect, Hyper Protect Services.
- Developer Tools: IBM Cloud Continuous Delivery, DevOps toolchains.

- IBM Cloud Differentiators:
- Hybrid multi-cloud strategy.
- Integration with Red Hat OpenShift and Cloud Paks.
- Focus on enterprise-grade security and compliance (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).

- IBM Cloud Console
- CLI
- Lite account
- Pay-As-You-Go
- Subscription
- Virtual Server Instance (VSI)
- Kubernetes Service
- Red Hat OpenShift
- Cloud Functions
- Object Storage
- IAM
- Key Protect
- Hyper Protect
- Cloud Pak
- DevOps
- multi-zone region (MZR)

- Cloud Computing Basics: Cloud computing, virtualization, multi-tenancy, elasticity, scalability, pay-per-use, SLA, cloud bursting.
- Business Case: CapEx, OpEx, TCO, ROI, agility, business continuity, hybrid IT.
- Service Models: IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, FaaS, serverless.
- Deployment Models: Public cloud, private cloud, hybrid cloud, multi-cloud, community cloud, workload portability.
- Architecture: VM, container, Kubernetes, Docker, object storage, block storage, file storage, VPC, load balancer, CDN, high availability, fault tolerance, microservices, monolithic architecture, MZR.
- IBM Cloud-Specific: IBM Cloud Console, CLI, Lite account, Pay-As-You-Go, Subscription, VSI, Kubernetes Service, Red Hat OpenShift, Cloud Functions, Object Storage, IAM, Key Protect, Hyper Protect, Cloud Pak, DevOps.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug