Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : C8
Exam Name : Business Acumen for Compensation Professional
Vendor Name : Worldatwork
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C8 exam Format | C8 Course Contents | C8 Course Outline | C8 exam Syllabus | C8 exam Objectives
Exam Code: C8
Exam Name: Business Acumen for Compensation Professional
Number of Questions: 115
Question Type: multiple-choice
Time Limit: Candidates are given 2.5 hours (150 minutes) to complete the exam.
Passing Marks: WorldatWork does not publicly specify an exact passing score or percentage for the C8 exam.
1. Applying Key Business Acumen Skills and Behaviors
- Recognizing internal and external business environments and their impact on compensation strategies.
- Developing a “big picture” perspective to align compensation with organizational goals.
- Strategic thinking and problem-solving to address compensation challenges.
- Leadership and management skills to influence stakeholders and drive compensation initiatives.
- Ability to adapt to changing business environments.
- Translating technical compensation data into meaningful messages for non-HR stakeholders.
- Collaborating with cross-functional teams (e.g., finance, operations, legal) to support business objectives.
2. Understanding the Relationship Between Compensation and Business Outcomes
- Linking compensation strategies to business strategies (e.g., growth, cost control, talent retention).
- Measuring the effectiveness of compensation programs using business metrics (e.g., return on investment, employee engagement).
- Understanding how compensation impacts key performance indicators (KPIs) such as profitability, turnover, and productivity.
- Aligning compensation plans with organizational structures (functional, divisional, matrix).
- Assessing the impact of compensation on employee motivation and retention.
- Communicating the strategic value of compensation to executives and stakeholders.
3. Grasping Essential Financial Concepts
- Key financial metrics: profit margins, debt-to-equity ratio, return on investment (ROI), earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT).
- Understanding fixed vs. variable costs and their relevance to compensation budgets.
- Basics of financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement).
- Budgeting and forecasting for compensation programs.
- Analyzing financial data to justify compensation investments.
- Navigating Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as they relate to rewards.
- Balancing cost control with the need to attract and retain talent.
4. Conducting Industry and Market Analysis
- Benchmarking compensation against peer groups and industry standards.
- Analyzing market trends (e.g., labor market dynamics, economic conditions) to adjust pay structures.
- Understanding competitive strategies and market positioning to design relevant compensation programs.
- Conducting quantitative and qualitative data analysis to assess pay competitiveness.
- Identifying external factors (e.g., regulatory changes, economic shifts) that impact compensation.
- Using market data to support pay equity and compliance.
5. Using Business Metrics and Performance Measurement
- Identifying and tracking KPIs relevant to compensation (e.g., turnover rates, employee satisfaction, productivity).
- Using data analytics to measure the impact of compensation on business performance.
- Developing tools and approaches for evaluating business and compensation outcomes.
- Designing metrics to assess the ROI of compensation programs.
- Interpreting data from exit interviews, employee surveys, and performance reviews.
- Aligning compensation metrics with organizational goals.
6. Strengthening Communication Skills
- Tailoring communication to different audiences (e.g., executives, employees, investors).
- Best practices for stakeholder engagement and managing expectations.
- Explaining complex compensation concepts in clear, business-oriented terms.
- Translating technical compensation terms into meaningful business language.
- Addressing stakeholder concerns about pay decisions and program design.
- Using data visualization and storytelling to present compensation strategies.
7. Understanding Organizational Structures and Operations
- Types of organizational structures (functional, divisional, matrix) and their impact on compensation.
- Business life cycles (startup, growth, maturity, decline) and their effect on reward programs.
- Operational drivers (e.g., production, sales, innovation) and their link to compensation design.
- Designing compensation programs that support organizational structures.
- Adapting compensation strategies to different stages of the business life cycle.
- Aligning rewards with operational priorities.
- Business Acumen and Strategy
- Business Acumen: The ability to understand business operations and make decisions that drive positive outcomes.
- Strategic Thinking: Solving complex problems using critical thinking to develop long-term plans.
- Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Measurable values that demonstrate how effectively an organization achieves its objectives.
- Organizational Structure: The framework of roles and responsibilities (e.g., functional, divisional, matrix).
- Business Life Cycle: Stages of organizational development (startup, growth, maturity, decline).
- Financial Concepts
- Debt-to-Equity Ratio: A measure of a companys financial leverage, calculated as total liabilities divided by shareholders equity.
- Profit Margin: The percentage of revenue that remains after deducting expenses.
- Return on Investment (ROI): A measure of the profitability of an investment, calculated as net profit divided by cost.
- Fixed Costs: Expenses that remain constant regardless of production levels (e.g., salaries).
- Variable Costs: Expenses that fluctuate with production or activity levels (e.g., bonuses).
- GAAP/IFRS: Accounting standards for financial reporting.
- Compensation and Business Outcomes
- Total Rewards: A holistic approach to employee compensation, including pay, benefits, and non-monetary rewards.
- Pay Equity: Ensuring fair compensation across employees based on role, performance, and market data.
- Compensation Competency: Skills required to design and manage effective reward programs.
- Employee Engagement: The level of commitment and motivation employees have toward their organization.
- Market and Industry Analysis
- Benchmarking: Comparing compensation practices to industry standards or competitors.
- Market Positioning: How a companys compensation compares to the market (e.g., leading, matching, lagging).
- Labor Market Dynamics: Trends in workforce supply and demand that affect compensation.
- Performance Measurement
- Turnover Rate: The percentage of employees leaving an organization over a period.
- Employee Satisfaction: A measure of how content employees are with their work environment and rewards.
- Data Analytics: Using data to inform decision-making and evaluate outcomes.
- Communication
- Stakeholder Communication: Engaging with groups such as executives, employees, and investors.
- Data Visualization: Presenting data in graphical formats to enhance understanding.
- Tailored Messaging: Customizing communication to suit the audiences knowledge level and needs.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug

