Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über CBEST?

Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der CBEST: California Basic Educational Skills Test Prüfung.

2023 Updated Actual CBEST questions as experienced in Test Center

Aktuelle CBEST Fragen aus echten Tests von Killexams.com - easy finanz | easyfinanz

CBEST exam Questions - California Basic Educational Skills Test | https://www.easyfinanz.cc/

Admission-Tests CBEST : California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Dumps

Exam Dumps Organized by Richard



Latest 2023 Updated Admission-Tests California Basic Educational Skills Test Syllabus
CBEST cheat sheet / Braindumps contains genuine exam Questions

Practice Tests and Free VCE Software - Questions Updated on Daily Basis
Big Discount / Cheapest price & 100% Pass Guarantee




CBEST Exam Center Questions : Download 100% Free CBEST cheat sheet (PDF and VCE)

Exam Number : CBEST
Exam Name : California Basic Educational Skills Test
Vendor Name : Admission-Tests
Update : Click Here to Check Latest Update
Question Bank : Check Questions

You can make sure your success with CBEST braindumps containing real questions
Our Admission-Tests CBEST Practice Test with Exam Braindumps are precise of the genuine CBEST test. A total pool of CBEST Questions and Answers is maintained in a database of questions. They add and update new Q&A on a regular basis to retain the most current content for contenders.

Killexams.com has been a great help in making the Admission-Tests CBEST exam preparation easier for many candidates. With its latest and valid VCE exam simulator, Killexams.com has emerged as a reliable source for the exam collection of CBEST Exam Cram. Before purchasing the full version of CBEST exam dumps, candidates can study 100% free questions at Killexams.com. Its VCE exam simulator tests are designed in a multiple-choice format just like the real exam. Moreover, the CBEST questions and solutions are collected by certified professionals, ensuring a 100% guarantee for the CBEST genuine exam.

Killexams.com has gained a reputation as a trusted provider of exam dumps, and its CBEST exam deposits are no exception. The brain deposits provided by Killexams.com are accurately identified as the exact exam questions, making it a reliable choice for candidates. With Killexams.com, candidates don't need to take the risk of wasting their time, effort, and money on free and outdated CBEST cheat sheet available on the internet. By offering a free trial, Killexams.com allows candidates to test the quality of its deposits before registering to download the full version of CBEST questions bank. The 100% guarantee on its deposits further reinforces the trustworthiness of Killexams.com for CBEST exam preparation.







CBEST exam Format | CBEST Course Contents | CBEST Course Outline | CBEST exam Syllabus | CBEST exam Objectives


Section Number of Questions

Reading 50 (Multiple Choice)

Mathematics 50 (Multiple Choice)

Writing 2



35% of questions Computation and problem solving

30% of questions Estimation, measurement, and statistical principles

35% of questions Numerical and graphic relationships



HOW ARE THE MULTIPLE CHOICE

QUESTIONS ARE SCORED=>

Skill Area Performance: Your performance on the multiple-choice test questions
for each skill area is indicated next to the skill area title. The information will help
you assess your areas of strength and weakness and/or will help you prepare to
retake any section(s) of the test. For each skill area, you will see one of the
designations that appear below.

Each section score is based on a scale ranging from 20 to 80. For the
Reading and Mathematics sections, your score is derived from the total
number of questions you answered correctly.



Personal Experience - the “Experience” essay
Topics include reminiscences about people or past events,
situations at home, school, or in the community, current
events and issues, observations about the media, hobbies,
personal successes and accomplishments, changes the
writer would like to see made, career choices, and the like.
Explanatory/Analytic - the “Issue” essay
Calls on the writer to explain current issues and ideas,
controversies, difficulties, or opinions.



Rhetorical Force – the clarity with which the central idea or
point of view is stated and maintained; the coherence of
the discussion and the quality of the writers ideas.
Organization – the clarity of the writing and the logical
sequence of the writers ideas.

Support and Development – the relevance, depth, and
specificity of the supporting information



Each of the three sections receives a score ranging from 20 to 80. The passing score for each section is 41. The total passing score for the CBEST is 123. If you score below the passing mark on one section (or even on two sections) but your total score is 123 or higher, you can still pass the exam but only if your score in each section is 37 or above. This test is paper based or computer administered.



Let their outstanding teachers provide you the edge to pass this very important California state teachers exam! Their credentialed instructors provide you with expert in-class instruction, successful test-taking strategies, computer-assisted information, and practice testing by syllabu area. Two class meetings consist of a mathematics review (problem solving, estimation, measurement, and numerical/graphic relationships). One class meeting consists of multiple approaches to help you Strengthen your memorizing comprehension and essay writing skills. The book included in the course fee is CliffsTestPrep CBEST® preparation guide, revised by authors of BTPS Testing.



The CBEST measures proficiencies in three general areas: memorizing comprehension, mathematics and essay writing. This test was developed to meet requirements related to credentialing and employment. It is based upon the theory that teachers should be able to use the same skills taught to students – skills essential to students both in the classroom and outside school. All questions (except the essay in the Writing Section) are multiple choice with five answer choices for each question.




Killexams Review | Reputation | Testimonials | Feedback


CBEST exam questions are changed, where am i able to locate new questions and answers?
I recently scored a top score on the CBEST exam, and I owe a great deal of gratitude to killexams.com. Their exam simulator was my primary resource for studying, and it provided me with a reliable passing score. Their platform is professional, trustworthy, and gets two thumbs up from me.


Read these CBEST real exam questions and feel confident.
I had an excellent experience with this training set, which enabled me to pass the CBEST exam with over 98% accuracy. The questions were real and valid, and the exam simulator was an excellent tool that can be used by anyone looking to expand their knowledge. I even gave the material to a friend who works in this field and had passed their CCNA exam. I believe it's a great resource for everyone, especially those planning to take the CBEST exam.


Surprised to see CBEST genuine test questions!
Initially, I had failed the CBEST exam after a year of preparation. I found the Topics unmanageable until I discovered the Q&A guide by killexams.com. It was the best guide I ever purchased for my exam arrangements. Even as a slow learner, I found the material to be manageable and passed the exam with 89%. Thank you, killexams.com.


Will you believe, all CBEST questions I read had been asked.
Before taking the CBEST exam, I felt confident about my preparation thanks to killexams.com. It is an excellent resource for university students and helped me achieve acceptable rankings in my exam. Killexams.com has efficient and groovy information that not only enhances your preparation but also gives you a chance to pass your CBEST download and get into any university without any despair.


CBEST Q&A bank is needed to pass the exam at the start attempt.
I would like to spread the word about killexams.com, which helped me excel in my CBEST exam and exceed all expectations. It is one of the best online test preparation resources I have ever come across and deserves recognition. Word of mouth is a powerful way of advertising and promoting a product, and I am happy to recommend killexams.com to anyone who wants to achieve success in their certification exams.


Admission-Tests Skills guide

 

Law School Admissions Test Prep Course

Adam Johnson is the lead instructor for test preparation workshops at UTSA. Adam has over 20 years of experience teaching standardized test preparation classes.

After teaching for several years for a leading test-preparation company, Adam taught English and test-preparation in Valencia, Spain. He has consistently scored in the 99th percentile on standardized tests including perfect scores on the GRE and LSAT.

He's not only an expert on the tests that he teaches, but also a devoted and energetic instructor who can communicate strategies to help others Strengthen their scores.


Undergraduate Admissions Assessment

The School appoints examiners to prepare and mark the Undergraduate Admissions Assessment (UGAA), designed to test use of evidence, written communication skills and numeracy. The UGAA is conducted as an online examination.

The purpose of the Undergraduate Admissions Assessment

The Undergraduate Admissions Assessment is used to fairly assess applicants from non-traditional educational backgrounds or those applying with qualifications they do not recognise for direct entry. It provides an opportunity to see a trial of the applicant’s original work, produced under examination conditions, and seeks to assess applicants in a fair and equitable manner.

There are several reasons why applicants need to be tested in this way:

  • the applicant has no latest or relevant record of study and examination i.e. within three years of the proposed programme start date 

  • the applicant’s qualifications are acceptable but only in conjunction with the UGAA

  • Key dates

    The Undergraduate Admissions Assessment usually takes place at the end of March. 

    Applicants who are required to sit the Undergraduate Admissions Assessment will be notified in March, as soon as details have been finalised.

    The exam is three hours long with is two sections: an essay question; and mathematical problems. It is not an exam of general knowledge.

    There are two different Mathematics papers. Depending on the programme you are applying for, you will take either :  Mathematics for non quantitative programmes without a Maths requirement OR Mathematics for quantitative programmes with a Maths requirement.

    Applicants applying for LLB Laws (M100) will not be asked to sit the UGAA. 

    LSE requires students studying certain qualifications to complete the UGAA before a final decision can be made on their application. The UGAA is a compulsory requirement for all students who are invited; students who decline the UGAA invite will be automatically rejected.  There are a number of reasons why further exam is needed for students from these educational backgrounds, some of which include:

  • the qualification contains few formal examinations – as the majority of exam at LSE is exam based, they need to see how you perform under examination conditions

  • the qualification is not standardised – grades can vary from school to school so they would like an independent exam of your skills
  • we are uncertain whether your curriculum offers full coverage of required subject material, especially mathematics
  • the qualification is relatively new or recently reformed, or they have not had many applicants with that qualification before. The UGAA gives us an independent measure of how well the qualification prepares students for study at LSE

  • you have taken a break from study or followed a non-standard educational pathway

  • Only the most competitive students with these qualifications are invited to sit the exam. Applicants cannot request to sit the exam.

    Applicants applying for LLB Laws (M100) will not be asked to sit the UGAA. Instead, the essay section of the LNAT will be assessed. 

    UK Qualifications
  • Access to Higher Education Diploma
  • BTEC National Extended Diploma (13 units) if taken without accompanying A levels
  • Cambridge Technical Extended Diploma Level 3 if taken without accompanying A levels
  • Certificate of Higher Education (Cert HE)
  • Foundation programme, including the University of London International Foundation Programme (IFP)
  • Foundation Year
  • Foundation Degree
  • Scottish Wider Access Programme (SWAP)
  • International Qualifications Countries Qualifications Austria Reife-und-Diplomprufung Bosnia-Herzegovina Matura/Diploma o završenoj srednjoj školi/Diploma o položenom maturskom ispitu Brunei BDTVEC Higher National Diploma Bulgaria Diploma za Zavarsheno Sredno Obrazovanie Croatia Maturatna Svjedodzba Czech Republic Maturita Estonia Gumnaasiumi Ioputunnistus with the Riigieksamitunnistus Iceland Stúdentspróf Israel Bagrut Kosovo Diplomë për kryerjen e shkollës së mesme të lartë Lithuania Brandos Atestatas North Macedonia (FYR) Matura Malaysia Unified exam Certificate (UEC)/ Malaysian Matriculation Programme/Matrikulasi Montenegro Maturski ispit/Diploma o završenoj srednjoj školi Morocco Diplôme du Baccalauréat/Baccalauréat de l’Enseignement Secondaire Serbia Matura Slovenia Splošna Matura Sweden Gymnasieexamen Turkey Anatolian High School Diploma/French Diploma for Foreign Schools in Turkey Uganda Uganda Advanced Certificate in Education (UACE)

    The UGAA is usually held at the end of March each year. 

    The UGAA is conducted as an online examination, accessed via a standard web browser.

    Due to the strict time constraints which govern their admissions procedures, they do not host multiple exam days, nor can they move the date or time of the exam under any circumstances.

    Students are expected to make every effort to participate in their exam. Specific concerns and requests for special accommodations should be sent to Undergraduate Admissions after you have received your invitation. 

    Invitations to sit the UGAA are usually sent in early March. Applicants who are required to sit the UGAA will be contacted by the Undergraduate Admissions team as soon as the details have been finalised.

    Replies must be made promptly to ensure arrangements can be made to access the exam. The final response deadline will be stipulated on your invitation. If they have not received a response by the stated deadline, you will no longer be eligible to sit the exam. Please note the UGAA is a compulsory requirement for all students who are invited. They are unable to further consider students who decide not to sit the exam, as their application will be considered incomplete. 

    The criteria below provide a rough guide of what the Admissions Selector is looking for from candidates. These elements will be taken into consideration alongside your overall mark and UCAS application form.

    We are looking for an essay that:

  • answers the essay question clearly and thoughtfully
  • shows an ability to present alternative views and assess them
  • contains a well-developed and reasoned argument supported by evidence
  • incorporates information from the source texts critically, analytically and selectively
  • summarises and paraphrases the source texts accurately and appropriately  
  • has a logical structure including an effective introduction, conclusion and paragraphs
  • makes appropriate use of English including language style, clarity and accuracy
  • is at least 500 words long
  • broadly assessed on A level syllabus
  • knowledge of the key techniques of differential and integral calculus of a single variable
  • an understanding of the meanings of the key concepts in calculus (in particular, the derivative and integral)
  • an ability to apply these to solve problems requiring an element of mathematical modelling proficiency in algebra and algebraic manipulation
  • competence in using algebra and calculus to solve unfamiliar problems (rather than routine problems)
  • Results are reviewed in comparison to other similar applicants for your programme; therefore passing the UGAA does not guarantee an offer will be made. The UGAA has a notional pass mark of 60 per cent, including at least 50 per cent in each section. Students applying to programmes with higher entry requirements will usually be expected to achieve more competitive grades

    The Admissions Selector’s final decision is based on your overall application, not only on your test performance. This exam includes a full range of information on the UCAS application form i.e. predicted/achieved grades, contextual information, personal statement, and UCAS reference.

    The UGAA does not require any specific preparation; it is designed to test general skills that should be covered in your current or most latest programme of study. They make past papers available so that students can see the level of English and Mathematics that is expected (see below). Note that past papers should be used as a guide for the level of the test, not the exact format of the forthcoming exam. If you are concerned about a particular part of the UGAA and would like to undertake some preparation, their Admissions Selectors have made some suggestions.

    Below you can find previous papers to help you understand what was expected of students in previous years. However, the exam is reviewed on a yearly basis and therefore these should only be used as a guide to the level of testing not the specific format. 

    2022 past papers

    UGAA English Paper

    UGAA Maths (Non Quantitative) 

    UGAA Maths (Quantitative)

    2021 past papers

    UGAA English Paper

    UGAA Maths (Non Quantitative)

    UGAA Maths (Quantitative)

    2020 past papers

    UGAA exam Test 1 2020 (for Quantitative programmes)

    UGAA exam Test 2 2020 (for non Quantitative programmes)


    Self-Reported Test Score Frequently Asked Questions

    UMass Lowell accepts self-reported SAT and ACT scores. Here's what you need to know:

    The UMass Lowell Office of Undergraduate Admissions remains committed to a fair application review process. Please feel free to contact us by email at admissions@uml.edu if you have any additional questions or concerns.


     




    While it is hard job to pick solid certification questions/answers regarding review, reputation and validity since individuals get sham because of picking incorrec service. Killexams.com ensure to serve its customers best to its efforts as for cheat sheet update and validity. Most of other's post false reports with objections about us for the brain dumps bout their customers pass their exams cheerfully and effortlessly. They never bargain on their review, reputation and quality because killexams review, killexams reputation and killexams customer certainty is imperative to us. Extraordinarily they deal with false killexams.com review, killexams.com reputation, killexams.com scam reports. killexams.com trust, killexams.com validity, killexams.com report and killexams.com that are posted by genuine customers is helpful to others. If you see any false report posted by their opponents with the name killexams scam report on web, killexams.com score reports, killexams.com reviews, killexams.com protestation or something like this, simply remember there are constantly terrible individuals harming reputation of good administrations because of their advantages. Most clients that pass their exams utilizing killexams.com brain dumps, killexams PDF questions, killexams practice questions, killexams exam VCE simulator. Visit their example questions and test brain dumps, their exam simulator and you will realize that killexams.com is the best cheat sheet site.

    Which is the best dumps website?
    Without a doubt, Killexams is 100 percent legit plus fully trustworthy. There are several functions that makes killexams.com legitimate and straight. It provides up-to-date and 100 percent valid cheat sheet that contains real exams questions and answers. Price is surprisingly low as compared to almost all the services online. The Q&A are up graded on regular basis along with most latest brain dumps. Killexams account structure and product or service delivery is very fast. Record downloading is definitely unlimited and fast. Help is avaiable via Livechat and E mail. These are the characteristics that makes killexams.com a strong website that provide cheat sheet with real exams questions.



    Is killexams.com test material dependable?
    There are several Q&A provider in the market claiming that they provide genuine exam Questions, Braindumps, Practice Tests, Study Guides, cheat sheet and many other names, but most of them are re-sellers that do not update their contents frequently. Killexams.com is best website of Year 2023 that understands the issue candidates face when they spend their time studying obsolete contents taken from free pdf download sites or reseller sites. Thats why killexams.com update exam Q&A with the same frequency as they are updated in Real Test. cheat sheet provided by killexams.com are Reliable, Up-to-date and validated by Certified Professionals. They maintain dumps questions of valid Questions that is kept up-to-date by checking update on daily basis.

    If you want to Pass your exam Fast with improvement in your knowledge about latest course contents and Topics of new syllabus, They recommend to download PDF exam Questions from killexams.com and get ready for genuine exam. When you feel that you should register for Premium Version, Just choose visit killexams.com and register, you will receive your Username/Password in your Email within 5 to 10 minutes. All the future updates and changes in Q&A will be provided in your download Account. You can download Premium cheat sheet files as many times as you want, There is no limit.

    Killexams.com has provided VCE practice questions Software to Practice your exam by Taking Test Frequently. It asks the Real exam Questions and Marks Your Progress. You can take test as many times as you want. There is no limit. It will make your test prep very fast and effective. When you start getting 100% Marks with complete Pool of Questions, you will be ready to take genuine Test. Go register for Test in Exam Center and Enjoy your Success.




    DAS-C01 braindumps | ASVAB-Mathematics-Knowledge test questions | SC-100 exam preparation | HH0-210 past exams | ASVAB-General-Science free practice questions | 300-215 cheat sheet | CAT-340 practice questions | BCP-520 practice questions | CPIM study guide | Wonderlic PDF download | 920-552 Study Guide | MAC-16A practice questions | ACP-620 study guide | S90.18A pass exam | 500-301 exam answers | ICDL-WINDOWS trial test | PEGAPCSSA85V1 exam Questions | ServiceNow-CSA test trial | 820-605 PDF Questions | Google-PDE practice exam |


    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test real questions
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test certification
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test education
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test cheat sheet
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Download
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Test Prep
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test information source
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test information search
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test certification
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Download
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam format
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Download
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Study Guide
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test study tips
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test tricks
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test certification
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test information hunger
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Braindumps
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Dumps
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Test Prep
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test study help
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test study help
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test test
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Questions
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test test
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Questions
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Questions
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Practice Questions
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Dumps
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Questions and Answers
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test boot camp
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test education
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam success
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Download
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test Latest Topics
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Braindumps
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test techniques
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam Cram
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test testing
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test PDF Dumps
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam contents
    CBEST - California Basic Educational Skills Test exam format

    Other Admission-Tests exam Dumps


    WorkKeys trial test questions | TOEFL trial test | GMAT cheat sheets | ACT genuine Questions | LSAT free pdf download | SSAT Practice Questions | GRE writing test questions | SAT practice test | GMAT-Verbal online exam | MCAT real questions | ASSET dumps questions | Praxis-Core questions and answers | OAT Cheatsheet | LSAT-reading-comprehension braindumps | HESI-A2 test practice | GRE-Quantitative cbt | LSAT-Logical-Reasoning questions and answers | MAT exam prep | GRE-Verbal practice exam | CBEST exam questions |


    Best cheat sheet You Ever Experienced


    CDM model question | PTCB test exam | Firefighter exam questions | IIA-CIA-Part1 exam dumps | CSQA study material | AngularJS free pdf | 300-835 braindumps | GMAT practice questions | 700-020 writing test questions | 350-401 trial test | CRT-450 real questions | CRCM exam Cram | NCIDQ-CID mock exam | 9A0-411 PDF Download | AZ-900 exam Questions | Google-PCNE exam prep | CIMAPRA19-F03-1-ENG test questions | CWS-100 question test | CHHE Test Prep | ICDL-NET Cheatsheet |





    References :


    https://killexams-posting.dropmark.com/817438/23276865
    http://killexams-braindumps.blogspot.com/2020/06/free-download-account-of-killexamscom.html
    https://www.instapaper.com/read/1317687660
    http://feeds.feedburner.com/CbestRealExamQuestionsByKillexamscom
    https://drp.mk/i/1HpqD0JNLD
    https://sites.google.com/view/killexams-cbest-exam-questions
    https://killexams-cbest.jimdofree.com/
    https://files.fm/f/u62y9kvfe



    Similar Websites :
    Pass4sure Certification exam dumps
    Pass4Sure exam Questions and Dumps






    Direct Download

    CBEST Reviews by Customers

    Customer Reviews help to evaluate the exam performance in real test. Here all the reviews, reputation, success stories and ripoff reports provided.

    CBEST Reviews

    100% Valid and Up to Date CBEST Exam Questions

    We hereby announce with the collaboration of world's leader in Certification Exam Dumps and Real Exam Questions with Practice Tests that, we offer Real Exam Questions of thousands of Certification Exams Free PDF with up to date VCE exam simulator Software.

    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug