Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CBSA
Exam Name : BTA Certified Blockchain Solution Architect
Vendor Name : BlockChain
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CBSA test Format | CBSA Course Contents | CBSA Course Outline | CBSA test Syllabus | CBSA test Objectives


This test is a 70 question multiple-choice test that lasts 1.5 hours (90 minutes) and is performance-based evaluation of Solution Architect skills and knowledge. Performance-based testing means that candidates must answer questions to reflect what they must perform on the job. Internet access is not provided during the exam, nor is any course material or study guides.



Scores and Reporting

Official scores for exams come immediately following the test from Pearson VUE. A passing score is 70%. test results are reported PASS/FAIL and you will be provided your percentage. Blockchain Training Alliance does not report scores on individual items, nor will it provide additional information upon request.



The Certified Blockchain Solution Architect (CBSA) test is an elite way to demonstrate your knowledge and skills in this emerging space. Additionally, you will become a member of a community of Blockchain leaders. With certification comes monthly industry updates via email and video.



The CBSA test is a 70 question multiple-choice test that lasts 1.5 hours and is a performance-based evaluation of Solution Architect skills and knowledge. Internet access is not provided during the exam, nor is any course material or study guides.



A person who holds this certification demonstrates their ability to:

- Architect blockchain solutions

- Work effectively with blockchain engineers and technical leaders

- Choose appropriate blockchain systems for various use cases

- Work effectively with both public and permissioned blockchain systems



This test will prove that a student completely understands:

- The difference between proof of work, proof of stake, and other proof systems and why they exist

- Why cryptocurrency is needed on certain types of blockchains

- The difference between public, private, and permissioned blockchains

- How blocks are written to the blockchain

- Where cryptography fits into blockchain and the most commonly used systems

- Common use cases for public blockchains

- Common use cases for private & permissioned blockchains

- What is needed to launch your own blockchain

- Common problems & considerations in working with public blockchains

- Awareness of the tech behind common blockchains

- When is mining needed and when it is not

- Byzantine Fault Tolerance

- Consensus among blockchains

- What is hashing

- How addresses, public keys, and private keys work

- What is a smart contract

- Security in blockchain

- Brief history of blockchain

- The programming languages of the most common blockchains

- Common testing and deployment practices for blockchains and blockchain-based apps



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Avalanche Foundation to invest $50M in asset tokenization on its blockchain

The Avalanche Foundation is allocating up to $50 million to purchase tokenized assets created on its layer-1 blockchain, the company exclusively told TechCrunch.

The initiative, Avalanche Vista, aims to highlight the value of tokenization in different sectors like equity, credit, real estate and commodities.

Tokenization is the process of creating a digital representation of a real-world asset (RWA) on a blockchain. “It creates a faster, more efficient way for companies to issue assets, individuals to own them, and everyone to transfer value,” John Wu, president of Ava Labs, the firm that created Avalanche, told TechCrunch.

This isn’t the firm’s first rodeo in the asset tokenization space. In September, KKR, one of the biggest investment management firms in the U.S., tokenized a part of its private equity fund on Avalanche’s blockchain through digital assets securities firm Securitize.

“Our mission is to tokenize the world’s assets,” Wu said. “Vista is their next show of commitment to do that. It’s not just dollars involved, but commitment to help web2 players work with us and explain tokenization.”

Tokenization can provide a number of different benefits, but Wu said the focus is to provide operational efficiency, accessibility to new users and improved liquidity.

Unlike traditional financial rails, blockchain settlements can be done instantly, and investors can see where assets are stored on-chain because of its transparent nature.

“People are seeing that this concept of instant settlement doesn’t really exist in the real world,” Wu said. “Clearing in a traditional system takes a couple of days, and that’s trillions and billions locked up for a period of time. That can be done in a more efficient manner [on the blockchain] instantly.”

Blockchains can already provide operational efficiency by streamlining, automating workflows and removing intermediaries. Accessibility is still a work in progress, with initiatives on the rise like the KKR tokenization, bringing highly regulated entities into the space to allow for new investments, Wu said.

But the reality is, the hardest part of tokenization right now is liquidity, Wu said. “You have to prove the efficiency and accessibility at scale before liquidity happens.”

From the many deals Ava Labs has explored with traditional players, “the weakest link in that tripod was the liquidity aspect,” Wu said. So the company decided to invest $50 million, in line with what it sees in the pipeline and how much is needed to Strengthen liquidity, he added.

Today, the most common tokenized asset types are equities and real estate, according to a recent Digital Asset Research report. Of the 41 centralized finance RWA organizations highlighted in the report, 26 have their own tokenized asset marketplaces and 30 support the fractionalization of RWA.

Wu sees tokenization of assets on the blockchain as one of the most impactful innovations of the next decade, and he is not alone in thinking that way.

Larry Fink, CEO of Blackrock, said in March, that “the next generation for markets, the next generation for securities, will be tokenization of securities.” Blackrock had $8.5 trillion in assets under management as of 2022, and while all of that won’t be tokenized, allocating even just 0.1% of that amount for tokenization would make up a whopping $850 million.

Tyrone Lobban, head of blockchain at JPMorgan’s Onyx, last year shared the bank’s plan to implement institutional-grade DeFi, saying he believes there’s significant value for tokenization of assets waiting on the sidelines.

“Over time, they think [of] tokenizing U.S. Treasurys or money market fund shares, for example, means these could all potentially be used as collateral in DeFi pools,” Lobban said. “The overall goal is to bring these trillions of dollars of assets into DeFi, so that they can use these new mechanisms for trading, borrowing [and] lending, but with the scale of institutional assets.”

There’s also potential for tokenization of non-financial assets to grow, Wu said, noting that loyalty reward points on blockchains are becoming popular. In April, Ava Labs partnered with Korean data management and marketing platform SK Planet to help it expand customer and merchant rewards, among other things, on Avalanche’s blockchain.

Going forward, there’s a “long pipeline of deals” with partners in the works to alleviate tokenization liquidity over the next 12 to 18 months, Wu said. “Tokenization is going to be adopted and now is the right time to do this.”


 




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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug