Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CCP
Exam Name : Certificate in Child Psychology
Vendor Name : Medical
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CCP test Format | CCP Course Contents | CCP Course Outline | CCP test Syllabus | CCP test Objectives
Exam Details:
- Number of Questions: The number of questions in the CCP (Certificate in Child Psychology) test may vary depending on the certifying organization or program. Typically, the test consists of multiple-choice or short-answer questions, and the exact number can range from 50 to 100 questions.
- Time: The duration of the test can vary depending on the organization or program. It is typically between 2 to 3 hours. However, it's important to note that the test duration may differ depending on the certifying body. It is advisable to check the specific guidelines provided by the certifying organization for accurate and up-to-date information.
Course Outline:
The CCP program is designed to provide individuals with a comprehensive understanding of child psychology. While the specific course outline may vary depending on the program or organization offering the certification, the following subjects are typically covered:
1. Introduction to Child Psychology:
- Overview of child psychology as a discipline
- Theories and approaches in child psychology
- Ethics and professional standards in working with children
2. Child Development:
- Prenatal and early childhood development
- Cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development
- Developmental milestones and factors influencing development
3. Psychological Assessment:
- Assessment techniques and tools for evaluating child behavior and development
- Standardized exams and measures
- Observation and interview techniques
4. Social and Emotional Development:
- Attachment theory and its impact on child development
- Socialization and peer relationships
- Emotional regulation and development of self-identity
5. Learning and Cognition:
- Cognitive development and information processing
- Theories of learning and educational implications
- Language acquisition and communication development
6. Behavioral Issues and Disorders:
- Common behavioral issues in childhood
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and other developmental disorders
- Behavioral interventions and treatment approaches
7. Family and Environmental Factors:
- Influence of family dynamics on child development
- Impact of socio-economic factors, culture, and environment on child well-being
- Risk and protective factors in child development
Exam Objectives:
The objectives of the CCP test typically include:
1. Assessing Knowledge: Evaluate the candidate's understanding of child psychology theories, concepts, and principles.
2. Testing Application Skills: Assess the candidate's ability to apply child psychology knowledge to real-world scenarios, such as analyzing case studies or developmental exams.
3. Evaluating Critical Thinking: Assess the candidate's critical thinking skills in relation to child psychology, including problem-solving, analyzing research findings, and interpreting psychological exams.
4. Certifying Child Psychology Competencies: Provide a recognized certification for individuals who demonstrate their competence in the field of child psychology, indicating their ability to work effectively with children and families.
Exam Syllabus:
The specific test syllabus for the CCP may vary depending on the certifying organization or program. The syllabus typically covers the following subjects (but is not limited to):
1. Theoretical Foundations:
- Major theories and approaches in child psychology
- Historical perspectives on child development
- Ethical considerations in working with children
2. Child Development:
- Prenatal development and early infancy
- Cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development across childhood
- Developmental milestones and factors influencing development
3. Assessment and Evaluation:
- Psychological test techniques for children
- Standardized test tools for child development
- Observation and interviewing techniques
4. Social and Emotional Development:
- Attachment theory and its impact on child development
- Socialization processes and peer relationships
- Emotional regulation and development of self-identity
5. Learning and Cognition:
-
Cognitive development and information processing
- Theories of learning and educational implications
- Language acquisition and communication development
6. Behavioral Issues and Disorders:
- Common behavioral issues in childhood and adolescence
- Diagnosis and intervention for disorders like ADHD, ASD, and conduct disorders
- Behavioral and therapeutic approaches for children with behavioral challenges
7. Family and Environmental Factors:
- Influence of family dynamics on child development
- Impact of socio-economic factors, culture, and environment on child well-being
- Risk and protective factors in child development and interventions
It is important to note that the specific subjects and depth of coverage may vary based on the certifying organization or program offering the CCP certification. Candidates should consult the official guidelines and materials provided by the certifying body for the most accurate and up-to-date information.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug