Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CCRN
Exam Name : Critical Care Register Nurse
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CCRN exam Format | CCRN Course Contents | CCRN Course Outline | CCRN exam Syllabus | CCRN exam Objectives


A criterion-referenced standard setting process, known as the modified Angoff, is used to establish the passing point/cut score for the exam. Each candidates performance on the exam is measured against a predetermined standard.

The passing point/cut score for the exam is established using a panel of subject matter experts, an exam development committee (EDC), who carefully reviews each exam question to determine the basic level of knowledge or skill that is expected. The passing point/cut score is based on the panels established difficulty ratings for each exam question.

Under the guidance of a psychometrician, the panel develops and recommends the passing point/cut score, which is reviewed and approved by AACN Certification Corporation. The passing point/cut score for the exam is established to identify individuals with an acceptable level of knowledge and skill. All individuals who pass the exam, regardless of their score, have demonstrated an acceptable level of knowledge.



I. CLINICAL JUDGMENT (80%)

A. Cardiovascular (17%)

1. Acute coronary syndrome:

a. NSTEMI

b. STEMI

c. Unstable angina

2. Acute peripheral vascular insufficiency:

a. Arterial/venous occlusion

b. Carotid artery stenosis

c. Endarterectomy

d. Fem-Pop bypass

3. Acute pulmonary edema

4. Aortic aneurysm

5. Aortic dissection

6. Aortic rupture

7. Cardiac surgery:

a. CABG

b. Valve replacement or repair

8. Cardiac tamponade

9. Cardiac trauma

10. Cardiac/vascular catheterization

11. Cardiogenic shock

12. Cardiomyopathies:

a. Dilated

b. Hypertrophic

c. Idiopathic

d. Restrictive

13. Dysrhythmias

14. Heart failure

15. Hypertensive crisis

16. Myocardial conduction system abnormalities

(e.g., prolonged QT interval, Wolff-ParkinsonWhite)

17. Papillary muscle rupture

18. Structural heart defects (acquired and congenital, including valvular disease)

19. TAVR



B. Respiratory (15%)

1. Acute pulmonary embolus

2. ARDS

3. Acute respiratory failure

4. Acute respiratory infection (e.g., pneumonia)

5. Aspiration

6. Chronic conditions (e.g., COPD, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema)

7. Failure to wean from mechanical ventilation

8. Pleural space abnormalities (e.g., pneumothorax, hemothorax, empyema, pleural effusions)

9. Pulmonary fibrosis

10. Pulmonary hypertension

11. Status asthmaticus

12. Thoracic surgery

13. Thoracic trauma (e.g., fractured rib, lung contusion, tracheal perforation)

14. Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)



C. Endocrine/Hematology/Gastrointestinal/Renal/Integumentary (20%)

1. Endocrine

a. Adrenal insufficiency

b. Diabetes insipidus (DI)

c. Diabetes mellitus, types 1 and 2

d. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

e. Hyperglycemia

f. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

g. Hyperthyroidism

h. Hypoglycemia (acute)

i. Hypothyroidism

j. SIADH

2. Hematology and Immunology

a. Anemia

b. Coagulopathies (e.g., ITP, DIC, HIT)

c. Immune deficiencies

d. Leukopenia

e. Oncologic complications (e.g., tumor lysis syndrome, pericardial effusion)

f. Thrombocytopenia

g. Transfusion reactions

3. Gastrointestinal

a. Abdominal compartment syndrome

b. Acute abdominal trauma

c. Acute GI hemorrhage

d. Bowel infarction, obstruction, perforation (e.g., mesenteric ischemia, adhesions)

e. GI surgeries (e.g., Whipple, esophagectomy, resections)

f. Hepatic failure/coma (e.g., portal hypertension, cirrhosis, esophageal varices, fulminant hepatitis, biliary atresia, drug-induced)

g. Malnutrition and malabsorption

h. Pancreatitis

4. Renal and Genitourinary

a. Acute genitourinary trauma

b. Acute kidney injury (AKI)

c. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

d. Infections (e.g., kidney, urosepsis)

e. Life-threatening electrolyte imbalances

5. Integumentary

a. Cellulitis

b. IV infiltration

c. Necrotizing fasciitis

d. Pressure injury

e. Wounds:

i. infectious

ii. surgical

iii. trauma

D. Musculoskeletal/Neurological/



Psychosocial (14%)

1. Musculoskeletal

a. Compartment syndrome

b. Fractures (e.g., femur, pelvic)

c. Functional issues (e.g., immobility, falls, gait disorders)

d. Osteomyelitis

e. Rhabdomyolysis

2. Neurological

a. Acute spinal cord injury

b. Brain death

c. Delirium (e.g., hyperactive, hypoactive, mixed)

d. Dementia

e. Encephalopathy

f. Hemorrhage:

i. intracranial (ICH)

ii. intraventricular (IVH)

iii. subarachnoid (traumatic or aneurysmal)

g. Increased intracranial pressure (e.g., hydrocephalus)

h. Neurologic infectious disease (e.g., viral, bacterial, fungal)

i. Neuromuscular disorders (e.g., muscular dystrophy, CP, Guillain-Barré, myasthenia)

j. Neurosurgery (e.g., craniotomy, Burr holes)

k. Seizure disorders

l. Space-occupying lesions (e.g., brain tumors)

m. Stroke:

i. hemorrhagic

ii. ischemic (embolic)

iii. TIA

n. Traumatic brain injury (TBI): epidural, subdural, concussion

3. Behavioral and Psychosocial

a. Abuse/neglect

b. Aggression

c. Agitation

d. Anxiety

e. Suicidal ideation and/or behaviors

f. Depression

g. Medical non-adherence

h. PTSD

i. Risk-taking behavior

j. Substance use disorders (e.g., withdrawal, chronic alcohol or drug dependence)

E. Multisystem (14%)

1. Acid-base imbalance

2. Bariatric complications

3. Comorbidity in patients with transplant history

4. End-of-life care

5. Healthcare-associated conditions (e.g., VAE, CAUTI, CLABSI)

6. Hypotension

7. Infectious diseases:

a. Influenza (e.g., pandemic or epidemic)

b. Multi-drug resistant organisms (e.g., MRSA, VRE, CRE)

8. Life-threatening maternal/fetal complications (e.g., eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, postpartum hemorrhage, amniotic embolism)

9. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

10. Multisystem trauma

11. Pain: acute, chronic

12. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS)

13. Sepsis

14. Septic shock

15. Shock states:

a. Distributive (e.g., anaphylactic, neurogenic)

b. Hypovolemic

16. Sleep disruption (including sensory overload)

17. Thermoregulation

18. Toxic ingestion/inhalations (e.g., drug/alcohol overdose)

19. Toxin/drug exposure (including allergies)



II. PROFESSIONAL CARING 7 ETHICAL PRACTICE (20%)

A. Advocacy/Moral Agency

B. Caring Practices

C. Response to Diversity

D. Facilitation of Learning

E. Collaboration

F. Systems Thinking

G. Clinical Inquiry



CLINICAL JUDGMENT

General

• Recognize normal and abnormal:

o developmental exam findings and provide developmentally appropriate care

o physical exam findings

o psychosocial exam findings

• Recognize signs and symptoms of emergencies, initiate interventions, and seek assistance as needed

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o capnography (EtCO2)

o central venous access

o medication reversal agents

o palliative care

o SvO2 monitoring

• Manage patients receiving:

o complementary/alternative medicine and/or nonpharmacologic interventions

o medications (e.g., safe administration, monitoring, polypharmacy)

• Monitor patients and follow protocols for pre- and postoperative care

• Assess pain

• Evaluate patients response to interventions

• Identify and monitor normal and abnormal diagnostic test results

• Manage fluid and electrolyte balance

• Manage monitor alarms based on protocols and changes in patient condition Cardiovascular

• Apply leads for cardiac monitoring

• Identify, interpret and monitor cardiac rhythms

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o 12-lead ECG

o arterial catheter

o cardiac catheterization

o cardioversion central venous pressure monitoring

o defibrillation

o IABP

o invasive hemodynamic monitoring

o pacing: epicardial, transcutaneous, transvenous

o pericardiocentesis

o QT interval monitoring

o ST segment monitoring

• Manage patients requiring:

o endovascular stenting

o PCI Respiratory

• Interpret blood gas results

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o modes of mechanical ventilation

o noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (e.g., BiPAP, CPAP, high-flow nasal cannula)

o oxygen therapy delivery devices

o prevention of complications related to mechanical ventilation (ventilator bundle)

o prone positioning

o pulmonary therapeutic interventions related to mechanical ventilation: airway clearance, extubation, intubation, weaning

o therapeutic gases (e.g., oxygen, nitric oxide, heliox, CO2 )

o thoracentesis

o tracheostomy Hematology and Immunology

• Manage patients receiving transfusion of blood products

• Monitor patients and follow protocols:

o pre-, intra-, post-intervention (e.g., plasmapheresis, exchange transfusion, leukocyte depletion)

o related to blood conservation Neurological

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring neurologic monitoring devices and drains (e.g., ICP, ventricular or lumbar drain)

• Use a swallow evaluation tool to assess dysphagia

• Manage patients requiring:

o neuroendovascular interventions (e.g., coiling, thrombectomy)

o neurosurgical procedures (e.g., pre-, intra-, post-procedure)

o spinal immobilization Integumentary

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring, therapeutic interventions (e.g. wound VACs, pressure reduction surfaces, fecal management devices, IV infiltrate treatment) Gastrointestinal

• Monitor patients and follow protocols for procedures pre-, intra-, post-procedure (e.g., EGD, PEG placement)

• Intervene to address barriers to nutritional/fluid adequacy (e.g., chewing/swallowing difficulties, alterations in hunger and thirst, inability to self-feed)

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o abdominal pressure monitoring

o GI drains

o enteral and parenteral nutrition Renal and Genitourinary

• Identify nephrotoxic agents

• Monitor patients and follow protocols pre-, intra-, and post-procedure (e.g., renal biopsy, ultrasound)

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring, renal therapeutic intervention (e.g., hemodialysis, CRRT, peritoneal dialysis)

Musculoskeletal

• Manage patients requiring progressive mobility

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring, compartment syndrome monitoring

Multisystem

• Manage continuous temperature monitoring

• Provide end-of-life and palliative care

• Recognize risk factors and manage malignant hyperthermia

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients undergoing:

o continuous sedation

o intermittent sedation

o neuromuscular blockade agents

o procedural sedation - minimal

o procedural sedation - moderate

o targeted temperature management (previously known as therapeutic hypothermia)

Behavioral and Psychosocial

• Respond to behavioral emergencies (e.g., nonviolent crisis intervention, de-escalation techniques)

• Use behavioral exam tools (e.g., delirium, alcohol withdrawal, cognitive impairment)

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o behavioral therapeutic interventions

o medication management for agitation

o physical restraints



I. CLINICAL JUDGMENT (80%)

A. Cardiovascular (14%)

1. Cardiac infection and inflammatory diseases

2. Cardiac malformations

3. Cardiac surgery

4. Cardiogenic shock

5. Cardiomyopathies

6. Cardiovascular catheterization

7. Dysrhythmias

8. Heart failure

9. Hypertensive crisis

10. Myocardial conduction system defects

11. Obstructive shock

12. Vascular occlusion

B. Respiratory (18%)

1. Acute pulmonary edema

2. Acute pulmonary embolus

3. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

4. Acute respiratory failure

5. Acute respiratory infection

6. Air-leak syndromes

7. Apnea of prematurity

8. Aspiration

9. Chronic pulmonary conditions

10. Congenital airway malformations

11. Failure to wean from mechanical ventilation

12. Pulmonary hypertension

13. Status asthmaticus

14. Thoracic and airway trauma

15. Thoracic surgery



C. Endocrine/Hematology/Gastrointestinal/Renal/Integumentary (20%)

1. Endocrine

a. Adrenal insufficiency

b. Diabetes insipidus (DI)

c. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

d. Diabetes mellitus, types 1 and 2

e. Hyperglycemia

f. Hypoglycemia

g. Inborn errors of metabolism

h. Syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

2. Hematology and Immunology

a. Anemia

b. Coagulopathies (e.g., ITP, DIC)

c. Immune deficiencies

d. Myelosuppression (e.g., thrombocytopenia, neutropenia)

e. Oncologic complications

f. Sickle cell crisis

g. Transfusion reactions

3. Gastrointestinal

a. Abdominal compartment syndrome

b. Abdominal trauma

c. Bowel infarction, obstruction and perforation

d. Gastroesophageal reflux

e. GI hemorrhage

f. GI surgery

g. Liver disease and failure

h. Malnutrition and malabsorption

i. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

j. Peritonitis

4. Renal and Genitourinary

a. AKI

b. Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

c. Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)

d. Kidney transplant

e. Life-threatening electrolyte imbalances

f. Renal and genitourinary infections

g. Renal and genitourinary surgery

5. Integumentary

a. IV infiltration

b. Pressure injury

c. Skin failure (e.g., hypoperfusion)

d. Wounds



D. Musculoskeletal/Neurological/Psychosocial (15%)

1. Musculoskeletal

a. Compartment syndrome

b. Musculoskeletal surgery

c. Musculoskeletal trauma

d. Rhabdomyolysis

2. Neurological

a. Acute spinal cord injury

b. Agitation

c. Brain death

d. Congenital neurological abnormalities

e. Delirium

f. Encephalopathy

g. Head trauma

h. Hydrocephalus

i. Intracranial hemorrhage

j. Neurogenic shock

k. Neurologic infectious disease

l. Neuromuscular disorders

m. Neurosurgery

n. Pain: acute, chronic

o. Seizure disorders

p. Space-occupying lesions

q. Spinal fusion

r. Stroke

s. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

3. Behavioral and Psychosocial

a. Abuse and neglect

b. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

c. Post-intensive care syndrome (PICS)

d. Self-harm

e. Suicidal ideation and behavior



E. Multisystem (13%)

1. Acid-base imbalance

2. Anaphylactic shock

3. Death and dying

4. Healthcare-associated conditions (e.g., VAE, CAUTI, CLABSI)

5. Hypovolemic shock

6. Post-transplant complications

7. Sepsis

8. Submersion injuries (i.e. near drowning)

9. Hyperthermia and hypothermia

10. Toxin and drug exposure



II. Professional Caring & Ethical Practice (20%)

A. Advocacy/Moral Agency

B. Caring Practices

C. Response to Diversity

D. Facilitation of Learning

E. Collaboration

F. Systems Thinking

G. Clinical Inquiry



CLINICAL JUDGMENT

General

• Manage patients receiving:

o continuous sedation

o extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

o nonpharmacologic interventions

o pharmacologic interventions

o intra-procedural and post-procedural care

o post-operative care

o vascular access

• Conduct physical exam of critically ill or injured patients

• Conduct psychosocial exam of critically ill or injured patients

• Evaluate diagnostic test results and laboratory values

• Manage patients during intrahospital transport

• Manage patients undergoing procedural sedation

• Manage patients with temperature monitoring and regulation devices

• Provide family-centered care Cardiovascular

• Manage patients requiring:

o arterial catheterization (e.g., arterial line)

o cardiac catheterization

o cardioversion

o CVP monitoring

o defibrillation

o epicardial pacing

o near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)

o umbilical catheterization (e.g., UVC, UAC)

• Manage patients with:

• cardiac dysrhythmias

• hemodynamic instability Respiratory

• Manage patients requiring:

o artificial airways (e.g., endotracheal tubes, tracheotomy)

o assistance with airway clearance chest tubes

o high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV)

o mechanical ventilation

o noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (e.g., CPAP, nasal IMV, high-flow nasal cannula)

o prone positioning

o respiratory monitoring devices (e.g., SpO2, SVO2, EtCO2)

o therapeutic gases (e.g., oxygen, nitric oxide, heliox, CO2)

o thoracentesis

Hematology and Immunology

• Manage patients receiving:

o plasmapheresis, exchange transfusion or leukocyte depletion

o transfusion

Neurological

• Conduct pain exam of critically ill or injured patients

• Manage patients with seizure activity

• Provide end-of-life and palliative care

• Manage patients requiring:

o neurologic monitoring devices and drains (e.g., ICP, ventricular drains, grids)

o spinal immobilization Integumentary

• Manage patients requiring wound prevention and/or treatment (e.g., wound VACs, pressure reduction surfaces, fecal management devices, IV infiltrate treatment)

Gastrointestinal

• Manage patients with inadequate nutrition and fluid intake (e.g., chewing and swallowing difficulties, alterations in hunger and thirst, inability to self-feed)

• Manage patients receiving:

o enteral and parenteral nutrition

o GI drains

o intra-abdominal pressure monitoring Renal and Genitourinary

• Manage patients requiring:

o electrolyte replacement

o renal replacement therapies (e.g., hemodialysis, CRRT, peritoneal dialysis)

Multisystem

• Manage patients requiring progressive mobility

Behavioral and Psychosocial

• Conduct behavioral exam of critically ill or injured patients (e.g., delirium, withdrawal)

• Manage patients requiring behavioral and mental health interventions

• Respond to behavioral emergencies (e.g., nonviolent crisis intervention, de-escalation techniques)



I. CLINICAL JUDGMENT (80%)

A. Cardiovascular (5%)

1. Acute pulmonary edema

2. Cardiac surgery (e.g., congenital defects, patent ductus arteriosus)

3. Dysrhythmias

4. Heart failure

5. Hypovolemic shock

6. Structural heart defects (acquired and congenital, including valvular disease)



B. Respiratory (21%)

1. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

2. Acute respiratory failure

3. Acute respiratory infection (e.g., pneumonia)

4. Air-leak syndromes

5. Apnea of prematurity

6. Aspiration

7. Chronic conditions (e.g., chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia)

8. Congenital anomalies (e.g., diaphragmatic hernia, tracheoesophageal fistula, choanal atresia, tracheomalacia, tracheal stenosis)

9. Failure to wean from mechanical ventilation

10. Meconium aspiration syndrome

11. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN)

12. Pulmonary hemorrhage

13. Pulmonary hypertension

14. Respiratory distress (RDS)

15. Thoracic surgery

16. Transient tachypnea of the newborn



C. Endocrine/Hematology/Gastrointestinal/Renal/Integumentary (27%)

1. Endocrine

a. Adrenal insufficiency

b. Hyperbilirubinemia

c. Hyperglycemia

d. Hypoglycemia

e. Inborn errors of metabolism

2. Hematology and Immunology

a. Anemia

b. Coagulopathies (e.g., ITP, DIC)

c. Immune deficiencies

d. Leukopenia

e. Polycythemia

f. Rh incompatibilities, ABO incompatibilities, hydrops fetalis

g. Thrombocytopenia

3. Gastrointestinal

a. Bowel infarction/obstruction/perforation (e.g., mesenteric ischemia, adhesions)

b. Feeding intolerance

c. Gastroesophageal reflux

d. GI abnormalities (e.g., omphalocele, gastroschisis, volvulus, imperforate anus, Hirshsprung disease, malrotation, intussusception, hernias)

e. GI surgeries

f. Hepatic failure (e.g., biliary atresia, portal hypertension, esophageal varices)

g. Malnutrition and malabsorption

h. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)

i. Pyloric stenosis

4. Renal and Genitourinary

a. Acute kidney injury (AKI)

b. Chronic kidney disease

c. Congenital genitourinary conditions (e.g., hypospadias, polycystic kidney disease, hydronephrosis, bladder exstrophy)

d. Genitourinary surgery

e. Infections

f. Life-threatening electrolyte imbalances

5. Integumentary

a. Congenital abnormalities (e.g., epidermolysis bullosa, skin tags)

b. IV infiltration

c. Pressure injury/ulcer (e.g., device, incontinence, immobility)

d. Wounds:

i. non-surgical

ii. surgical



D. Musculoskeletal/Neurological/Psychosocial (13%)

1. Musculoskeletal

a. Congenital or acquired musculoskeletal conditions

b. Osteopenia

2. Neurological

a. Agitation

b. Congenital neurological abnormalities (e.g., AV malformation, myelomeningocele, encephalocele)

c. Encephalopathy

d. Head trauma (e.g., forceps and/or vacuum injury)

e. Hemorrhage:

i. intracranial (ICH)

ii. intraventricular (IVH)

f. Hydrocephalus

g. Ischemic insult (e.g., stroke, periventricular leukomalacia)

h. Neurologic infectious disease (e.g., viral, bacterial, fungal)

i. Neuromuscular disorders (e.g., spinal muscular atrophy)

j. Neurosurgery

k. Pain (acute, chronic)

l. Seizure disorders

m. Sensory impairment (e.g., retinopathy of prematurity, hearing impairment, visual impairment)

n. Stress (e.g., noise, overstimulation, sleep disturbances)

o. Traumatic brain injury (e.g., epidural, subdural, concussion, physical abuse)

3. Behavioral and Psychosocial

a. Abuse and neglect

b. Families in crisis (e.g., stress, grief, lack of coping)



E. Multisystem (14%)

1. Birth injuries (e.g., hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, brachial plexus injury, lacerations)

2. Developmental delays

3. Failure to thrive

4. Healthcare-associated conditions (e.g., VAE, CAUTI, CLABSI)

5. Hypotension

6. Infectious diseases (e.g., influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, multidrugresistant organisms)

7. Life-threatening maternal/fetal complications (e.g., eclampsia, HELLP syndrome, maternal-fetal transfusion, placental
abruption, placenta previa)
8. Low birth weight/prematurity

9. Sepsis

10. Terminal conditions (e.g., end-of-life, palliative care)

11. Thermoregulation

12. Toxin/drug exposure (e.g., neonatal abstinence syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, maternal or iatrogenic).



II. Professional Caring & Ethical Practice (20%)

A. Advocacy/Moral Agency

B. Caring Practices

C. Response to Diversity

D. Facilitation of Learning

E. Collaboration

F. Systems Thinking

G. Clinical Inquiry



CLINICAL JUDGMENT

General

• Assess pain considering patients gestational age

• Follow protocol for newborn car seat testing, hearing and congenital heart disease screening

• Follow protocol for feeding and supplementation

• Identify and monitor normal and abnormal diagnostic test results

• Implement interventions to keep neonates safe (e.g., transponder use, safe sleep)

• Manage monitor alarms based on protocol and change in patient condition

• Manage patients receiving complementary alternative medicine and/or nonpharmacologic interventions

• Manage patients receiving medications (e.g., safe administration, monitoring, polypharmacy)

• Monitor patients and follow protocols for pre- and postoperative care

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring, central venous access

• Recognize normal and abnormal:

o developmental exam findings and provide developmentally appropriate care

o family psychosocial exam findings

o physical exam findings

• Recognize signs and symptoms of emergencies, initiate interventions, and seek assistance as needed

Cardiovascular

• Apply leads for cardiac monitoring

• Identify, interpret and monitor cardiac rhythms

• Monitor hemodynamic status and recognize signs and symptoms of hemodynamic instability

• Recognize early signs of decreased cardiac output

• Recognize normal fetal circulation and transition to extra-uterine life

Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o 12-lead ECG

o arterial catheter

o cardioversion

o invasive hemodynamic monitoring Respiratory

• Interpret blood gas results

• Manage medications and monitor patients requiring rapid sequence intubation (RSI)

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients with, tracheostomy

• Recognize indications for, and manage patients requiring:

o assisted ventilation

o bronchoscopy

o chest tubes

o endotracheal tubes

o non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (e.g., bilevel positive airway pressure, CPAP, high-flow nasal cannula)

o oxygen therapy delivery device

o prone positioning (lateral rotation therapy)

o rescue airways (e.g., laryngeal mask airway [LMA])

o respiratory monitoring devices (e.g., SpO2, EtCO2) and report values

o therapeutic gases (e.g., oxygen, nitric oxide, heliox, CO2)

o thoracentesis

Hematology and Immunology

• Manage patients receiving transfusion of blood products

• Monitor and manage patients with bleeding disorders

• Monitor patients and follow protocols:

o pre-, intra-, post-intervention (e.g., exchange transfusion)

o related to blood conservation

Neurological

• Manage patients with congenital neurological abnormalities



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Medical Register study help

 

Kombucha may help control blood sugar in type 2 diabetes

  • Kombucha is a fermented tea that has benefits such as improving gut health.
  • Researchers were curious whether the probiotic beverage could be helpful in lowering blood sugar and conducted a study with people with type 2 diabetes.
  • The scientists gave two groups of people with type 2 diabetes either kombucha or a placebo drink that tasted similar for 4 weeks and then tested their blood sugar levels. After a break, they switched the groups and tested the participants after another 4 weeks.
  • The findings showed that kombucha for 4 weeks significantly decreased fasting blood glucose levels compared to baseline whereas placebo did not.
  • According to the researchers, this is the first study testing kombucha in people with type 2 diabetes.
  • Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body struggles to either make or manage insulin effectively. Millions of people in the United States have diabetes, and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), this condition is the eighth leading cause of death in the country.

    As type 2 diabetes rates increase, scientists are interested in finding different methods to lower blood sugar, including through diet choices.

    Researchers from Georgetown University’s School of Health in Washington D.C. wanted to learn whether kombucha, a tea that originates from China and is fermented with bacteria and yeasts, could Boost blood sugar levels.

    After comparing blood sugar averages between drinking kombucha or a placebo, they learned that just 4 weeks of drinking kombucha lowered fasting blood sugar levels before meals from 164 to 116 milligrams per deciliters (mg/dL) on average.

    For comparison, the American Diabetes Association says normal fasting glucose before meals is 80–130 mg/dL.

    The study is published in Frontiers in Nutrition.

    The researchers recruited participants from MedStar Georgetown University Hospital’s General Internal Medicine Clinic, a facility the authors note has “a strong interest in diabetes care.”

    They enlisted 12 participants for the study, all of whom had type 2 diabetes. They had to agree to drink their assigned beverage daily and be willing to test their fasting glucose at home at different periods.

    Additionally, the researchers instructed the participants to follow their typical diets. They did not want dietary changes to influence potential blood sugar decreases.

    After dividing the participants into two groups, the researchers provided each participant with an 8-ounce beverage they had to drink daily with dinner for a period of 4 weeks. Some people received kombucha, and others received a placebo drink that the authors say tasted similar to kombucha.

    For the next portion of the study, the researchers reversed who got the kombucha. To account for any lingering effects of kombucha, the scientists had the participants wait 8 weeks until restarting the drinking regimen.

    After the 8-week “washout period” was up, the participants again underwent 4 weeks of drinking their assigned beverage. People who drank kombucha in the first round of the study drank the placebo drink while the others drank kombucha.

    From there, the researchers analyzed the data the participants provided on their fasting glucose, which they measured at the following intervals:

  • their baseline before beginning the drinking regimen
  • at the end of week 1
  • at the end of week 4
  • after the washout period
  • at the end of week 1 of the second round
  • at the end of week 4 of the second round.
  • The scientists took an average of the participants’ baseline data and then the data for each 4-week round of kombucha and placebo beverages to see whether kombucha improved glucose levels.

    The average baseline glucose level for the participants was 164 mg/dL, and after 4 weeks of drinking kombucha, the average dropped to 116 mg/dL. This is a decrease of nearly 30% for the kombucha group.

    By comparison, there was little change in the participants’ baseline blood glucose levels after drinking the placebo beverage.

    “The placebo was not associated with a statistically significant change in average fasting blood glucose levels,” write the authors.

    The researchers noted that the small demo size is a limitation of the study and said a larger study is needed.

    “We were able to provide preliminary evidence that a common drink could have an effect on diabetes,” lead study author Dr. Chagai Mendelson said in a press release.

    “We hope that a much larger trial, using the lessons they learned in this trial, could be undertaken to provide a more definitive answer to the effectiveness of kombucha in reducing blood glucose levels, and hence prevent or help treat type 2 diabetes,” he added.

    Dr. Mendelson is completing a residency program at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Medical School.

    Alyssa Wilson, a registered dietitian and metabolic health coach for the California-based company Signos, spoke with Medical News Today about the study findings.

    “There is some promising data on why kombucha can be implemented into a nutrition care plan,” Wilson commented.

    She said kombucha is a “great option” for people looking for a healthy substitute for sugary beverages and may also “reduce hunger and prevent sugar cravings.”

    While Wilson finds the study promising, she did note that more research is needed to support the findings.

    “More research is needed in a larger follow-up study to determine the effectiveness of kombucha in reducing blood glucose levels, but the findings are promising and exciting for this patient population,” she told us.

    Dr. Florence Comite, an endocrinologist, and founder of the Comite Center for Precision Medicine and Health in New York City, also spoke with MNT about the study.

    Dr. Comite noted that more studies are showing that diseases like type 2 diabetes and the makeup of the gut microbiome, which is influenced by probiotics like kombucha, may be connected.

    “The microbiome appears to be heavily involved in metabolism, inflammation, and immune response. Improving the ratio of helpful bacteria to harmful bacteria in the gut will have a bearing on managing glucose control.”

    – Dr. Florence Comite

    She also wanted to see this area studied further and said: “A causal relationship between kombucha and improving blood glucose needs further study. It is not clear if an unhealthy microbiome plays a role in causing diabetes or if diabetes changes the gut.”


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    Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

    Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

    Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

    Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

    Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

    Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

    Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

    Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

    Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

    Höhere Gewalt

    Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

    Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

    Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

    Technisches Versagen

    Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

    Kriminelle Ursachen

    Hackerangriffe

    Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

    Physischer Angriff

    Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

    Erpressung

    Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

    Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

    Cyber-Kosten:

    • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
    • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
    • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
    • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

    Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

    • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
    • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
    • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
    • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
    • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
    • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
    • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

    Cyber-Eigenschäden:

    • Betriebsunterbrechung
    • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
    • Mehrkosten
    • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
    • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
    • Cyber-Erpressung
    • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
    • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
    • Cyber-Betrug