Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CDCP
Exam Name : EPI Certified Data Centre Professional
Vendor Name : EPI
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Total MCQs : Check Questions

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CDCP test Format | CDCP Course Contents | CDCP Course Outline | CDCP test Syllabus | CDCP test Objectives


Number of Questions: 40 multiple-choice questions
Time Allotted: 1 hour (60 minutes)
Passing Marks: 27 out of 40 (67.5%)
Exam Format: Closed-book
Certification Validity: The CDCP certificate is valid for 3 years, after which recertification is required.

1. The Data Centre: Importance and Causes for Downtime
- Role of data centres in modern business (mission-critical operations).
- Common causes of downtime (e.g., power failure, cooling issues, human error).
- Impact of downtime on business continuity and reputation.
- Introduction to high-availability concepts.
- Availability: The degree to which a data centre is operational and accessible (e.g., uptime percentage, 99.999% "five nines").
- Downtime: Periods when the data centre is non-functional.
- Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF): Average time a system operates before failing.
- Mean Time To Repair (MTTR): Average time to restore a system after failure.
- Single Point of Failure (SPOF): A component whose failure disrupts the entire system.
- Business Continuity: Strategies to ensure uninterrupted operations.

2. Data Centre Standards and Best Practices
- Overview of global data centre standards (e.g., TIA-942, Uptime Institute Tiers, ISO).
- Compliance requirements for design and operations.
- Best practices for efficient and reliable data centre management.
- TIA-942: Telecommunications Industry Association standard for data centre design and infrastructure.
- Uptime Institute Tiers (I–IV): Classification of data centre reliability (Tier I: basic, Tier IV: fault-tolerant).
- ISO 27001: Standard for information security management systems.
- ISO 22301: Standard for business continuity management.
- ANSI/BICSI 002: Standard for data centre design and implementation.
- Redundancy: Duplication of critical components to enhance reliability (e.g., N+1, 2N).

3. Data Centre Location, Building, and Construction
- Site selection criteria (e.g., proximity to power grids, low natural disaster risk).
- Building design considerations (e.g., load-bearing capacity, expandability).
- Construction pitfalls to avoid (e.g., poor soil analysis, inadequate zoning).
- Site Selection: Process of choosing an optimal location based on power, connectivity, and risk factors.
- Geographical Risk: Threats like earthquakes, floods, or hurricanes affecting site suitability.
- Load Capacity: Maximum weight a building or floor can support (e.g., kN/m²).
- Zoning Regulations: Local laws governing data centre construction and operation.
- Greenfield vs. Brownfield: New (greenfield) vs. repurposed (brownfield) sites for construction.

4. Raised Floor and Suspended Ceiling
- Design and purpose of raised floors for cabling and cooling.
- Load definitions and floor strength requirements.
- Suspended ceilings for fire suppression and aesthetics.
- Raised Floor: Elevated flooring for underfloor cabling, cooling, and power distribution.
- Uniform Load: Evenly distributed weight across a floor (e.g., equipment racks).
- Concentrated Load: Weight focused on a small area (e.g., a single rack footprint).
- Rolling Load: Weight from moving equipment (e.g., during installation).
- Plenum Space: Area under raised floors or above ceilings used for air circulation or cabling.
- Static Dissipative Flooring: Flooring to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD).

5. Power Infrastructure
- Components of a robust power system (e.g., UPS, generators, PDUs).
- Electrical distribution to avoid downtime.
- Energy efficiency strategies (e.g., renewable energy integration).
- Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS): Device providing backup power during outages.
- Power Distribution Unit (PDU): Device distributing power to racks and equipment.
- Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS): Switches power sources (e.g., grid to generator) seamlessly.
- Static Transfer Switch (STS): Transfers between power sources without interruption.
- Generator: Backup power source for extended outages (e.g., diesel, natural gas).
- Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE): Ratio of total facility power to IT equipment power (ideal: close to 1.0).
- Redundant Power Path: Dual power feeds to eliminate SPOFs.

6. Cooling Infrastructure
- Cooling technologies (e.g., CRAC units, liquid cooling).
- Hot and cold aisle containment for efficiency.
- Future-proofing cooling for increasing IT loads.
- Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC): Precision cooling for data centre environments.
- Computer Room Air Handler (CRAH): Cooling unit using chilled water systems.
- Hot Aisle/Cold Aisle: Layout separating hot exhaust air from cold intake air.
- Containment: Physical barriers to segregate hot and cold airflows.
- Coefficient of Performance (COP): Measure of cooling system efficiency.
- Free Cooling: Using ambient air or water to reduce mechanical cooling costs.
- Liquid Cooling: Direct cooling of IT equipment using liquid (e.g., immersion, direct-to-chip).

7. Fire Suppression and Safety
- Fire detection and suppression systems (e.g., gas-based, water-based).
- Safety protocols for personnel and equipment.
- Compliance with fire codes and standards.
- Fire Suppression System: Technologies to extinguish fires (e.g., FM-200, Inergen, sprinklers).
- Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus (VESDA): High-sensitivity smoke detection.
- Clean Agent: Fire suppressant that leaves no residue (e.g., Novec 1230).
- NFPA 75: Standard for fire protection in IT environments.
- Clearance Space: Minimum distance required around sprinklers or gas nozzles.
- Emergency Power Off (EPO): System to shut down power in emergencies.

8. Racks and Physical Security
- Equipment rack design and load capacity.
- Physical and logical security measures (e.g., access control, surveillance).
- Cable management within racks.
- Equipment Rack: Standard 19-inch frame for mounting IT equipment (e.g., 42U height).
- Rack Unit (U): Standard height measurement (1U = 1.75 inches).
- Load Capacity: Maximum weight a rack can support (e.g., 1000 kg).
- Access Control: Systems like biometrics or keycards to restrict entry.
- CCTV: Closed-circuit television for monitoring.
- Cable Tray: Structure for organizing and routing cables.

9. Cabling Infrastructure
- Structured cabling standards (e.g., TIA-568).
- Copper vs. fibre optic cabling for connectivity.
- Testing and maintenance of cabling systems.
- TIA-568: Standard for twisted pair and fibre optic cabling.
- Category 6/6A (Cat6/6A): Copper cabling for high-speed Ethernet.
- Fibre Optic: High-bandwidth cabling using light signals (e.g., single-mode, multi-mode).
- Patch Panel: Centralized point for connecting network cables.
- Cable Management: Techniques to organize cables for airflow and accessibility.
- Bend Radius: Minimum curve radius to prevent cable damage.

10. Network Architecture
- Design of reliable and scalable network topologies.
- Redundancy in network infrastructure.
- Testing techniques for network performance.
- Topology: Network layout (e.g., star, spine-leaf).
- Redundancy: Backup network paths (e.g., dual-homed connections).
- Latency: Delay in data transmission.
- Bandwidth: Data transfer capacity (e.g., Gbps).
- Network Interface Card (NIC): Hardware for connecting devices to networks.
- Spine-Leaf Architecture: Scalable network design for data centres.

11. Monitoring and Management
- Tools for monitoring power, cooling, and IT equipment.
- Incident reporting and escalation procedures.
- Data centre infrastructure management (DCIM) systems.
- DCIM: Data Centre Infrastructure Management software for monitoring and optimization.
- Environmental Monitoring: Tracking temperature, humidity, and airflow.
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Protocol for device monitoring.
- Alert Threshold: Predefined limits triggering notifications (e.g., high temperature).
- Capacity Planning: Forecasting resource needs for future growth.

12. Operations and Maintenance
- Preventive maintenance schedules for power, cooling, and fire systems.
- Disaster recovery planning and recovery time objectives (RTOs).
- Documentation and standard operating procedures (SOPs).
- Preventive Maintenance: Routine checks to prevent failures (e.g., UPS battery testing).
- Disaster Recovery (DR): Strategies to restore operations after disruptions.
- Recovery Time Objective (RTO): Time to restore critical functions post-disaster.
- Recovery Point Objective (RPO): Acceptable data loss in a disaster.
- Standard Operating Procedure (SOP): Documented processes for routine tasks.
- Change Management: Controlled process for infrastructure updates.



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug