Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CFSA
Exam Name : Certified Financial Services Auditor (IIA-CFSA)
Vendor Name : IIA
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CFSA test Format | CFSA Course Contents | CFSA Course Outline | CFSA test Syllabus | CFSA test Objectives
Certified Financial Services Auditor® (CFSA®) test Syllabus
The CFSA test tests a candidate's knowledge of current auditing practices and understanding of internal audit issues, risks, and remedies in the financial services industry.
The test consists of 115 multiple-choice questions.
The testing period is two hours and fifty-five minutes.
Exam questions are all multiple-choice (objective) with four answer choices.
80% of the test covers four domains: Financial Services Auditing, Auditing Financial Services Products, Auditing Financial Service Processes, and The Regulatory Environment.
The remaining 20% relate to the candidates' chosen discipline and will be at the proficiency level.
CFSA candidates may choose any one of the three disciplines as part of their CFSA test test.
Candidates may not choose to be tested on more than one discipline.
The CFSA designation does not distinguish one chosen discipline from another.
The CFSA test core content covers four domains:
Domain I: Financial Services Auditing (25-35%)
Domain II: Auditing Financial Services Products (25-35%)
Domain III: Auditing Financial Service Processes (25-35%)
Domain IV: The Regulatory Environment (10-20%)
CFSA test Individual Disciplines
Banking: Products, Processes, and the Regulatory Environment (20% — Proficiency Level)
Insurance: Products, Processes, and the Regulatory Environment (20% — Proficiency Level)
Securities: Products, Processes, and the Regulatory Environment (20% — Proficiency Level)
Financial Services Auditing (25-35%)
(P) = Candidates must exhibit proficiency (thorough understanding, ability to apply concepts) in these syllabu areas.
(A) = Candidates must exhibit awareness (knowledge of terminology and fundamentals) in these syllabu areas.
A. IIA International Professional Practices Framework (P)
B. Internal Control/Risk Management/Governance (P)
Internal Control Frameworks
Risk Management Frameworks
Governance Models
C. Audit Process (P)
Audit Planning
Audit Fieldwork
Risk Assessment
Analytical Review
Data Gathering and Evaluation
Testing
Tools and Techniques (e.g., CAAT)
Audit Communications
Monitoring Outcomes
D. Implications of Information Technology (P)
E. Auditing Financial Statement Elements (P)
Balance Sheet
Statement of Cash Flows
Income/Expense Statement
Off Balance-sheet Items
Auditing Financial Services Products (25-35%)
(P) = Candidates must exhibit proficiency (thorough understanding, ability to apply concepts) in these syllabu areas.
(A) = Candidates must exhibit awareness (knowledge of terminology and fundamentals) in these syllabu areas.
A. Lending/Loans (A)
B. Deposits (A)
C. Trusts (A)
D. Annuities (A)
E. Derivatives (A)
F. Electronic Services (A)
G. Cash Management Services (A)
H. Stocks (A)
I. Bonds (A)
J. Commodities (A)
K. Mutual Funds (A)
L. Employee Benefits (A)
M. Capital Market Products (A)
N. Securities Lending (A)
O. Insurance Policies (A)
P. Insurance Products (A)
Q. Foreign Exchange (A)
R. Asset Management (A)
S. Money Market Products (A)
Auditing Financial Service Processes (25-35%)
(P) = Candidates must exhibit proficiency (thorough understanding, ability to apply concepts) in these syllabu areas.
(A) = Candidates must exhibit awareness (knowledge of terminology and fundamentals) in these syllabu areas.
A. Risk Management (A)
Asset/Liability Management
Trading Market Risk
Credit, Liquidity, Operational Risk
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
Reserves
B. Underwriting (A)
Loans
Securities
Insurance
Private Placement
Initial Public Offerings
C. Securitizations (A)
D. Treasury Operations (e.g., Cash Management) (A)
E. Back-office Operations (A)
F. Marketing Sales and Distribution (e.g., Insurance Agencies, Bank Branches, Brokers) (A)
G. Claims (A)
H. Investments (A)
I. Broker/Dealer Activities (A)
J. Rating Advisory Service (A)
K. Mergers and Acquisitions (A)
L. Loan Operations (e.g., Collateral Issues, Perfecting Liens) (A)
The Regulatory Environment (10-20%)
(P) = Candidates must exhibit proficiency (thorough understanding, ability to apply concepts) in these syllabu areas.
(A) = Candidates must exhibit awareness (knowledge of terminology and fundamentals) in these syllabu areas.
A. Overview of the Regulatory Environment (A)
Function of Central Bank
Function of Insurance Regulators
Function of Securities Regulators
B. Laws and Regulations (A)
Equal Credit Opportunity/Antidiscrimination
Home Mortgage Disclosure
Reserve Requirements
Insider Transactions
Lending Disclosure
Deposits Disclosure
Real Estate Sales Disclosure
Self-assessment of Internal Controls/Risk Management
Investor/Depositor Protection
Financial and Personal Information Privacy
Anti-Money Laundering
C. Stock Exchanges and Other Markets (A)
D. Money and Banking (A)
Role of Money and Banking
Bond and Stock Markets
Effect of Interest Rate Movements
Monetary Management Theories
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug