Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CHPLN
Exam Name : Certified Hospice and Palliative Licensed Nurse
Vendor Name : HPCC
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CHPLN exam Format | CHPLN Course Contents | CHPLN Course Outline | CHPLN exam Syllabus | CHPLN exam Objectives
Exam Code: CHPLN
Exam Name: Certified Hospice and Palliative Licensed Nurse
Certifying Body: Hospice and Palliative Credentialing Center (HPCC)
Number of Questions: 100 multiple-choice questions
Time Allotted: 2 hours (120 minutes)
Passing Score: 75% (exact scaled passing score may vary slightly)
Exam Format: Computer-based testing (CBT)
- Patient Care: End-Stage Disease Process
- Identify specific patterns of disease progression, complications, and treatment for:
- Neoplastic conditions
- Neurological conditions
- Cardiac conditions
- Pulmonary conditions
- Renal conditions
- Gastrointestinal conditions
- Debility/decline in health status (e.g., Frailty, Malnutrition, Cachexia)
- Dementia
- Hepatic conditions
- Hematologic conditions
- Altered immune disease (e.g., HIV)
- Endocrine conditions
- Identify and respond to indicators of imminent death
- Patient Care: Pain and Comfort Management
- Data Gathering
- Identify pain and other distressing symptoms
- Identify causes of pain
- Identify types of pain
- Identify factors that may influence the patient's experience of pain (e.g., fear of pain, depression, despair, cultural or spiritual issues)
- Pharmacologic Interventions
- Identify medications appropriate for severity and specific type of pain
- Administer analgesic and adjuvant medications (e.g., NSAIDS, corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, opioids)
- Nonpharmacologic Interventions
- Identify the need for nonpharmacologic interventions
- Implement nonpharmacologic interventions (e.g., massage, music, aromatherapy, and pet therapy)
- Respond to psychosocial and spiritual issues related to pain and other distressing symptoms
- Evaluation
- Identify and respond to medication side effects, interactions, and complications
- Evaluate efficacy of relief interventions (pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic)
- Identify side effects of interventional therapy (e.g., antineoplastic, radiological, surgical)
- Patient Care: Symptom Management
- Manage symptoms related to Neurological conditions
- Aphasia
- Dysphagia
- Lethargy or sedation
- Myoclonus
- Paresthesia or neuropathies
- Seizures
- Extrapyramidal symptoms
- Spinal cord compression
- Manage symptoms related to Cardiovascular conditions
- Edema (including pulmonary)
- Syncope
- Manage symptoms related to Respiratory conditions
- Congestion
- Cough
- Dyspnea
- Pleural effusions
- Manage symptoms related to Hepatic conditions
- Encephalopathy
- Esophageal varices
- Ascites
- Manage symptoms related to Gastrointestinal conditions
- Constipation
- Diarrhea or bowel incontinence
- Nausea or vomiting
- Bleeding
- Bowel obstruction
- Manage symptoms related to Genitourinary conditions
- Bladder spasms
- Urinary incontinence
- Urinary retention
- Infections
- Manage symptoms related to Musculoskeletal conditions
- Impaired mobility
- Complications of immobility
- Fractures
- Weakness or activity intolerance
- Manage alterations in Skin and Mucous Membrane
- Dry mouth
- Oral lesions
- Pruritus
- Skin integrity, including wound care
- Excessive secretions
- Manage symptoms related to Psychosocial and Emotional conditions
- Anxiety
- Stages of grief (e.g., anger, denial)
- Depression
- Impaired communication
- Sleep disturbances
- Manage symptoms related to Nutritional and Metabolic conditions
- Cachexia or wasting
- Dehydration
- Fatigue
- Manage symptoms related to the Immune System
- Fever
- Neutropenia
- Manage symptoms related to Mental Status Changes
- Agitation (including terminal restlessness)
- Confusion
- Delirium
- Dementia
- Hallucinations
- Manage symptoms related to Lymphedema
- Patient Care: Treatments and Procedures
- Care for patients with the following treatments or procedures:
- Surgical alterations (including tubes, drains, and stomas)
- Rectal route for pain and symptom management
- Respiratory therapy (e.g., oxygen, suction, inhalation treatments, tracheostomy care)
- Subcutaneous pain and symptom management
- Urinary drainage systems
- Maintain infection control procedures related to:
- Pathogens (e.g., bloodborne, airborne)
- Precautions
- Chain of infection
- Care of Patient, Family, and Other Caregivers
- Resource Management
- Identify and respond to socioeconomic factors
- Identify and respond to environmental and safety risks
- Monitor controlled substances (including use, abuse, diversion)
- Monitor health status of family caregiver
- Recommend appropriate DME for patient well-being
- Inform patient/family how to access 24-hours a day: services, medications, equipment, supplies
- Psychosocial, Spiritual, and Cultural
- Respond to spiritual needs
- Identify and respond to cultural values and behaviors
- Respond to stages of grief
- Respond to loss of hope or meaning
- Facilitate nearing death awareness
- Respond to spiritual distress or unresolved spiritual issues
- Identify suicidal or homicidal ideation
- Identify unresolved interpersonal matters
- Respond to family dynamics
- Grief and Loss
- Encourage life review
- Provide emotional support regarding grief and loss for:
- adults
- children
- Provide care and support at time of death
- Patient and Family Education and Advocacy
- Caregiver Support
- Teach family and other caregivers techniques for patient care (e.g., positioning, ostomy care)
- Monitor family and other care givers ability to provide care
- Monitor and respond to caregiver burnout
- Identify and respond to neglect and abuse
- Education
- Identify and respond to barriers to learning (e.g., communication)
- Teach about the end-stage disease process
- Teach about pain and symptom relief
- Teach alternative methods of pain and symptom relief (e.g., relaxation, distraction, humor, massage, aroma therapy)
- Teach about home safety (e.g., oxygen, firearms, fall hazards, evacuation plan)
- Teach about medication administration, compliance, safety, and disposal
- Teach about the signs and symptoms of imminent death
- Teach about self care methods
- Advocacy
- Monitor needs for levels of care or increased services
- Facilitate communication between patient, family, and health care providers
- Encourage patient and family to participate in decision-making regarding treatment options
- Access appropriate interdisciplinary team (IDT) members and other resources to meet the needs of patient and family
- Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Practice Issues
- Coordinate and Collaborate
- Coordinate patient care with other health care providers
- Arrange for equipment, supplies, or medications
- Communicate with patients attending/primary care provider
- Practice Issues
- Identify and incorporate into practice standards (e.g., HPNA standards, ANA standards, NHPCO standards) and guidelines (e.g., National Consensus Project, WHO ladder, CDC)
- Identify and incorporate legal regulations into practice (e.g., OSHA, Hospice Medicare Conditions of Participation, HIPAA)
- Adhere to documentation standards for levels of care
- Participate in evaluating educational materials for patients and family
- Participate in quality assurance, performance improvement processes
- Demonstrate awareness and knowledge of LPN/LVN scope of practice
- Professional Development
- Maintain boundaries between patient/family and staff
- Contribute to development of peers, colleagues, and others as preceptor, educator, or mentor
- Participate in self-care (e.g., stress management)
- Read professional journals to remain current in practice
- Maintain personal continuing education plan to update knowledge
- Identify ethical concerns related to the end-of-life
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
