Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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HPCC CHPNA : Certified Hospice and Palliative Nursing Assistant exam Questions, MCQs and Practice Test

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Exam Number : CHPNA
Exam Name : Certified Hospice and Palliative Nursing Assistant
Vendor Name : HPCC
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CHPNA exam Format | CHPNA Course Contents | CHPNA Course Outline | CHPNA exam Syllabus | CHPNA exam Objectives


- Assist with Hygiene
- routine personal care
- bathing
- shaving
- oral care
- personal odor control
- colostomy
- perineal
- wounds
- skin care
- Assist with Grooming
- hair care
- nail care
- cleaning
- filing
- foot care
- soaking
- cleaning
- hearing aids and eyeglasses
- dressing and undressing (clothing and accessories)
- Assist with Ambulation/Mobility
- foster/maintain independence
- use of durable medical equipment (DME)
- walker
- mechanical lift
- positioning
- exercise and range of motion
- transfers
- prevention of falls
- Assist with Toileting
- bowel and bladder training
- scheduled toileting
- catheter care
- ostomy care
- adaptive equipment
- raised toilet seat
- bedside commode
- Nutrition/Hydration
- support patient decision not to eat/drink
- feed patient safely
- offer fluids/foods according to patients choice and comfort
- observe and report issues related to tube feeding and IV hydration
- Observe and Report on Patient Condition
- patient status in relation to the documented diagnosis
- level of pain (e.g., on a 0-10 scale)
- changes in level, type, and location in pain
- nonverbal cues
- effectiveness and side effects of medications
- Facilitate Non-Drug Treatment for Symptoms
- therapeutic support
- meditation
- music
- massage
- deep breathing
- diversional/recreational activities
- hot/cold compresses
- repositioning
- Maintain Infection Control
- universal/standard precautions
- biohazardous waste disposal
- sharps
- fluids
- isolation techniques
- Provide and Maintain Best Possible Environment to Support Patient
- personal environment
- familiar objects
- pictures
- homelike
- death in patients place of choice
- care according to the patients preferred schedule
- safety
- fall precautions
- prevention of hazards
- storage and use of oxygen
- privacy storage and use)
- Identify Changes in Physical Status
- activity level
- vital signs and weight changes
- skin impairment
- breakdown
- rash
- itching
- injury
- elimination habits
- swallowing ability
- nausea/vomiting
- edema and ascites
- signs of impending death
- seizure activity
- Identify Changes in Mental Status
- confusion
- responsiveness
- emotional change
- anxiety
- fear
- depression
- agitation
- terminal restlessness
- Identify Changes in Functional Status
- mobility
- weakness
- sleepiness
- fatigue
- appetite
- Identify Changes in Respiratory Status
- effectiveness of interventions
- nebulizers
- inhalers
- oxygen therapy
- air circulation
- change in breathing patterns
- cough
- apnea
- increased secretions
- Psychosocial/Spiritual Care of the Patient and Family/ Caregivers
- Spiritual Care
- identify spiritual issues
- guilt
- estrangement
- meaning of life
- honor and support individual spiritual beliefs
- enable spiritual practices
- sacraments
- prayer
- arrange transport services
- provide patient and family/caregivers support with letting go
- Respect Differences and Maintain Neutral Attitude
- race, ethnicity, and cultural background
- religious/spiritual preference
- sexual preference
- age
- social and economic circumstances
- treatment choices
- advance directives
- holistic approach
- veterans
- gender identity
- criminal background
- Identify and Assist Patient and Family/Caregiver Needs
- Education
- signs and symptoms of end-of-life
- agency/community services
- grief and loss
- infection control practices
- nutrition/hydration (including unique needs as the patient declines)
- personal care techniques and comfort measures
- Patient and Family/Caregiver Support
- respite (including volunteer support)
- companionship and compassion
- advocacy for patient and family/caregivers
- reframing hope (patients expectations)
- end of life concerns
- Assure Dignity and Honor Patient and Family/Caregiver
- allow closure time for loved ones
- bereavement resources
- support groups
- literature
- post-mortem care
- care of body
- care of room
- allow for cultural or spiritual practices at time of death
- Assist with Communication Between Patient, Family/Caregivers, and Care Providers
- barriers to communication
- active listening
- adaptive communication devices (e.g., word boards)
- use of interpreters
- Provide Support for Changes in Body Image
- physical appearance
- weight change
- hair loss
- amputation
- elimination changes
- ostomies
- incontinence
- catheters
- loss of independence
- Provide Support for Changes in Mental Status
- memory
- medication-related altered mental status
- depression
- anxiety
- post-traumatic stress disorder
- Observe and Report Threats to Patient and Family/Caregiver Safety
- physical abuse
- neglect
- substance abuse
- caregivers inability to provide care
- suicidal ideation
- encourage patient and family/caregiver involvement in the plan of care
- provide input to team members in carrying out the plan of care
- provide support and communication during changes in levels of care and across care settings
- assisted living
- hospitalization
- respite
- recognize and report change in family/caregiver dynamics
- review death with the team
- Ethics, Roles, and Responsibilities
- identify and respond to ethical issues
- confidentiality
- honest communication
- maintain boundaries
- within job description
- with patient/family/caregivers
- assist in resolving work-related conflicts
- maintain accurate and timely documentation according to the patients plan of care
- identify risks to personal safety (e.g., firearms in the home)
- serve as a mentor/trainer for new staff
- participate on committees, professional organizations,
- performance-improvement projects
- maintain continuing education confidentiality, honest communication
- promote hospice and palliative care in the community
- practice self-care (e.g., stress management)



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug