Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CIP-Bridge
Exam Name : Bridge Coatings Inspection Specialty (BCIS)
Vendor Name : AMPP
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CIP-Bridge test Format | CIP-Bridge Course Contents | CIP-Bridge Course Outline | CIP-Bridge test Syllabus | CIP-Bridge test Objectives
Exam Code: BCI
Certification Name: Bridge Coatings Inspection Specialist
Prerequisites: Candidates must hold a valid AMMP CIP Level 2 certification or an equivalent (e.g., NACE Coating Inspector Level 2, SSPC PCI Level 2, FROSIO III) to be eligible to sit for this exam.
Exam Delivery: Computer-Based Testing (CBT) at Pearson VUE testing centers worldwide.
Exam Format: Multiple-choice questions.
Number of Questions: 100 questions
Time Allotted: 3 hours and 15 minutes (195 minutes)
Passing Marks: 70% or higher
- Overview of Bridge Coating Inspection
- Purpose and Importance: Understanding the role of protective coatings in preventing corrosion and maintaining the structural integrity of bridges, which are critical infrastructure assets exposed to harsh environmental conditions (e.g., weather, de-icing salts, and industrial pollutants).
- Role of the Inspector: Responsibilities include ensuring compliance with specifications, identifying defects, documenting findings, and collaborating with engineers and contractors. Key skills include decision-making, communication, and adherence to safety and ethical standards.
- Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention
- Corrosion Mechanisms: Understanding how corrosion occurs on steel bridges, including galvanic, atmospheric, and crevice corrosion, and the role of environmental factors like humidity, temperature, and chlorides.
- Protective Coatings: The function of coatings as a barrier to prevent corrosion, including types of coatings (e.g., alkyds, epoxies, polyurethanes, zinc-rich primers) used on bridges.
- Cathodic Protection: Basic principles of cathodic protection when used in conjunction with coatings on bridge structures.
- Surface Preparation for Bridge Coatings
- Standards and Methods: Familiarity with surface preparation standards, such as:
- SSPC-SP 1: Solvent cleaning to remove oil, grease, and contaminants.
- SSPC-SP 2/3: Hand and power tool cleaning for removing loose rust and mill scale.
- SSPC-SP 6/NACE No. 3: Commercial blast cleaning for a thorough clean surface.
- SSPC-SP 10/NACE No. 2: Near-white metal blast cleaning for critical applications.
- SSPC-SP 11: Power tool cleaning to bare metal.
- SSPC-WJ: Water jetting for surface preparation.
- Surface Profile: Measuring and assessing surface roughness (e.g., using replica tape or comparators) to ensure proper coating adhesion.
- Environmental Controls: Managing conditions like temperature, humidity, and dew point to prevent issues like flash rusting during surface preparation.
- Coating Application Techniques
- Application Methods: Differentiating between application techniques used on bridges, including:
- Brush and Roller: For touch-up and small areas.
- Conventional Spray: For large surface areas.
- Airless Spray: For high-pressure application of thick coatings.
- Plural Component Spray: For multi-component coatings requiring precise mixing.
- Coating Types: Understanding the properties and application requirements of bridge-specific coatings, such as zinc-rich primers, epoxy intermediates, and polyurethane topcoats.
- Quality Control: Ensuring proper mixing, application thickness, and curing conditions per manufacturer specifications and project requirements.
- Inspection Techniques
- Non-Destructive Testing (NDT):
- Dry Film Thickness (DFT): Measuring coating thickness using magnetic or ultrasonic gauges (e.g., SSPC-PA 2 standards).
- Holiday Detection: Using low-voltage or high-voltage holiday detectors to identify pinholes or voids in coatings (e.g., NACE SP0188).
- Adhesion Testing: Conducting pull-off (ASTM D4541) or tape tests (ASTM D3359) to verify coating adhesion.
- Environmental Testing: Using digital hygrometers, psychrometers, and surface thermometers to monitor ambient conditions.
- Destructive Testing:
- Cross-Hatch Testing: Assessing coating adhesion by cutting and evaluating film integrity.
- Tooke Gauge: Measuring coating thickness on specific layers destructively.
- Visual Inspection: Identifying defects like runs, sags, blistering, cracking, or inadequate coverage.
- Coating Failure Modes and Analysis
- Common Failures: Understanding issues like blistering, chalking, delamination, undercutting, and corrosion breakthrough specific to bridge environments.
- Root Cause Analysis: Identifying causes of coating failures, such as improper surface preparation, incorrect application, or environmental exposure.
- Corrective Actions: Recommending repairs or recoating strategies based on inspection findings.
- Documentation and Reporting
- Inspection Test Plans (ITPs): Creating and following detailed plans outlining inspection steps and acceptance criteria.
- Non-Conformance Reports (NCRs): Documenting deviations from specifications and proposing corrective actions.
- Daily Reports: Recording inspection results, environmental conditions, and coating application details.
- Job Specifications and Safety Data Sheets (SDS): Interpreting technical documents to ensure compliance with project requirements and safety standards.
- Bridge-Specific Considerations
- Structural Components: Understanding bridge anatomy (e.g., girders, trusses, cables, and bearings) and how coatings are applied to different areas.
- Environmental Exposure: Addressing challenges unique to bridges, such as exposure to de-icing salts, UV radiation, and thermal cycling.
- Access and Safety: Inspecting coatings in hard-to-reach areas (e.g., using scaffolding or rope access) while adhering to safety protocols like fall protection and confined space entry.
- Maintenance Coatings: Techniques for overcoating existing systems versus full removal and recoating.
- Environmental and Safety Regulations
- Environmental Controls: Managing dust, overspray, and hazardous waste (e.g., lead-based paint removal) in compliance with regulations like OSHA and EPA standards.
- AMPP Code of Conduct: Adhering to ethical standards for inspectors, including impartiality and professionalism.
- Safety Practices: Ensuring safe handling of inspection tools and awareness of hazards like lead exposure or high-altitude work.
- brasive Blasting: A surface preparation method using high-pressure abrasives (e.g., sand, grit) to clean and profile steel surfaces.
- Adhesion: The ability of a coating to bond to a substrate or previous coating layer.
- Ambient Conditions: Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and dew point that affect coating application and curing.
- Blistering: Formation of bubbles in a coating film due to moisture or solvent entrapment.
- Cathodic Protection: A technique using sacrificial anodes or impressed current to protect steel from corrosion.
- Chalking: Degradation of a coatings surface into a powdery residue due to UV exposure.
- Coating System: A combination of primer, intermediate, and topcoat layers designed for specific performance.
- Delamination: Separation of coating layers or coating from the substrate.
- Dry Film Thickness (DFT): The thickness of a cured coating film, measured in mils or microns.
- Flash Rust: Light rust that forms on steel surfaces after wet blasting or in high-humidity conditions.
- Holiday: A defect in a coating (e.g., pinhole or void) that exposes the substrate.
- Micaceous Iron Oxide (MIO): A pigment used in coatings for enhanced durability and UV resistance, common in bridge applications.
- Mill Scale: A flaky oxide layer on steel surfaces that must be removed before coating.
- Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Inspection methods that do not damage the coating or substrate (e.g., DFT measurement, holiday detection).
- Overcoating: Applying a new coating over an existing one without full removal.
- Solvent Cleaning: Using solvents to remove contaminants like oil or grease from surfaces (SSPC-SP 1).
- Surface Profile: The roughness of a surface after preparation, critical for coating adhesion.
- Undercutting: Corrosion that spreads beneath a coating, causing lifting or peeling.
- Wet Film Thickness (WFT): The thickness of a coating before curing, used to predict DFT.
- Zinc-Rich Primer: A coating with high zinc content for corrosion protection via sacrificial action.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug