Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Exam Number : CIPP-US
Exam Name : Certified Information Privacy Professional/United States (CIPP/US)
Vendor Name : IAPP
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CIPP-US exam Format | CIPP-US Course Contents | CIPP-US Course Outline | CIPP-US exam Syllabus | CIPP-US exam Objectives
Title: Certified Information Privacy Professional/United States (CIPP/US) - IAPP CIPP-US
Test Detail:
The Certified Information Privacy Professional/United States (CIPP/US) exam, offered by the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), is designed to validate the knowledge and expertise of professionals in the field of privacy and data protection within the United States. This certification is intended for individuals who work with U.S. privacy laws and regulations.
Course Outline:
The CIPP/US certification program provides participants with comprehensive knowledge and understanding of privacy laws and regulations specific to the United States. The following is a general outline of the key areas covered in the certification program:
1. Introduction to U.S. Privacy Laws and Regulations:
- Understanding the legal and regulatory landscape of privacy in the United States
- Familiarizing with key U.S. privacy laws, including the Privacy Act, HIPAA, and COPPA
- Exploring industry-specific regulations and standards, such as GLBA and FERPA
2. Privacy Governance and Program Management:
- Developing and implementing privacy policies and procedures
- Establishing privacy governance frameworks and accountability measures
- Managing privacy risks and compliance obligations
3. Privacy in Practice:
- Conducting privacy impact exams (PIAs) and privacy audits
- Managing data breaches and incident response procedures
- Addressing cross-border data transfers and international privacy considerations
4. Privacy Principles and Frameworks:
- Understanding the key privacy principles, including notice, choice, and consent
- Exploring privacy frameworks and standards, such as the Fair Information Practices (FIPs)
- Applying privacy by design principles and practices
5. Privacy Operations:
- Managing privacy documentation and records
- Implementing privacy training and awareness programs
- Monitoring and enforcing privacy policies and practices
Exam Objectives:
The CIPP/US exam assesses candidates' knowledge and understanding of privacy laws and regulations within the United States. The exam objectives include, but are not limited to:
1. Understanding the legal and regulatory framework of privacy in the United States.
2. Applying privacy principles and practices to various scenarios.
3. Implementing privacy governance and accountability measures.
4. Managing privacy risks and compliance obligations.
5. Addressing privacy challenges in practice, such as data breaches and cross-border data transfers.
6. Ensuring privacy operations and documentation meet regulatory requirements.
Syllabus:
The CIPP/US certification program typically includes comprehensive training provided by the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) or authorized training partners. The syllabus provides a breakdown of the Topics covered throughout the course, including specific learning objectives and milestones. The syllabus may include the following components:
- Introduction to CIPP/US exam overview and certification process
- U.S. Privacy Laws and Regulations
- Privacy Governance and Program Management
- Privacy in Practice
- Privacy Principles and Frameworks
- Privacy Operations
- exam Preparation and Practice Tests
- Final CIPP/US Certification Exam
---------------------
- Structure of U.S. Law
- Branches of government
- sources of law
- legal definitions
- regulatory authorities
- understanding laws
- Enforcement of U.S. Privacy and Security Laws
- Criminal vs. civil liability
- general theories of legal liability
- Information Management from a U.S. Perspective
- Data inventory and classification
- data flow mapping
- privacy program development
- managing user preferences
- incident response programs
- workforce training
- accountability
- data and records retention and disposal (FACTA)
- online privacy
- privacy notices
- vendor management
- international data transfers and Schrems decisions
- other key considerations for U.S.-based multinational companies
- GDPR requirements
- APEC
- resolving multinational compliance conflicts
- Limits on Private-sector Collection and Use of Data
- Cross-sector FTC Privacy Protection
- The FTC Act
- FTC privacy enforcement actions
- FTC security enforcement actions
- COPPA
- future of federal enforcement
- Healthcare/Medical
- HIPAA
HITECH
GINA
the 21st Century Cures Act of 2016
Confidentiality of Substance Use Disorder Patient Records Rule
- Financial
- FCRA
- FACTA
- GLBA
- Red Flags Rules
- Dodd-Frank
- CFPB
- online banking
- Education
- FERPA
- education technology
- Telecommunications and Marketing
- Government and Court Access to Private-sector Information
- Law Enforcement and Privacy
- Access to financial data
- access to communications
- CALEA
- National Security and Privacy
- FISA
- USA-Patriot Act
- USA Freedom Act
- Cybersecurity Information Sharing Act (CISA)
- Civil Litigation and Privacy
- Compelled disclosure of media information
- electronic discovery
- Workplace Privacy
- Introduction to workplace privacy
- Workplace privacy concepts
- U.S. agencies regulating workplace privacy issues
- U.S. anti-discrimination laws
- Privacy before, during and after employment
- Automated employment decision tools and potential for bias
- employee background screening
- employee monitoring
- investigation of employee misconduct
- termination of employment relationship
- working with third parties
- State Privacy Laws
- Federal vs. state authority
- State attorneys general
- California Privacy Protection Agency (CPPA)
- Data privacy and security laws
- Applicability
data subject rights
privacy notice requirements
data security requirements
data protection agreements
data protection exams/risk exams
health data rules
data retention and destruction
selling and sharing of personal information
enforcement
cookie and online tracking regulations
facial recognition use restrictions
biometric information privacy regulations
AI bias laws
important comprehensive data privacy laws
- Data breach notification laws
- Elements of
- key differences among states
- significant developments
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IAPP Professional/United certification
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug