Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt

Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.

Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.

Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.

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Exam Number : CMGT-BC
Exam Name : Nursing Case Management Certification
Vendor Name : ANCC
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CMGT-BC test Format | CMGT-BC Course Contents | CMGT-BC Course Outline | CMGT-BC test Syllabus | CMGT-BC test Objectives


Certification Name: Nursing Case Management Certification (CMGT-BC)
Credential Awarded: CMGT-BC (Case Management-Board Certified)
Administered By: American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC)
Eligibility: Open to registered nurses (RNs) who meet specific practice and education requirements.
Exam Format: Computer-based test (CBT)
Exam Length: 3.5 hours (including 15 minutes for a tutorial and 15 minutes for a post-exam survey)
Number of Questions: 175 questions (150 scored, 25 unscored pretest questions)
Question Types: Multiple-choice questions (MCQs)
Passing Score: Scaled score system (details on passing criteria are not publicly disclosed by ANCC)

- Foundations of Case Management
- Definition and Scope of Case Management:
- Understanding the role
- responsibilities
- goals of a case manager
- Case Management Models:
- Familiarity with various models such as the Collaborative Model
- Brokerage Model, and Clinical Case Management Model
- Standards of Practice:
- Knowledge of the Case Management Society of America (CMSA) Standards of Practice and the American Nurses Association (ANA) standards.
- Ethical and Legal Considerations:
- Understanding ethical principles
- confidentiality
- informed consent
- legal issues in case management
- Regulatory and Accreditation Requirements:
- Familiarity with regulations such as HIPAA
- Medicare/Medicaid guidelines
- accreditation standards (e.g., Joint Commission)

- Care Coordination and Transitions of Care
- Care Coordination Principles:
- Strategies for coordinating care across multiple providers and settings.
- Transition Planning:
- Ensuring smooth transitions between healthcare settings
- hospital to home
- acute care to long-term care
- Discharge Planning:
- Developing and implementing effective discharge plans to prevent readmissions.
- Interdisciplinary Collaboration:
- Working with healthcare teams
- including physicians
- social workers
- therapists
- optimize patient outcomes

- Patient-Centered Care
- Patient Advocacy:
- Ensuring the patients voice is heard and their preferences are respected.
- Cultural Competence:
- Providing care that is sensitive to the patients cultural
- religious
- social background
- Health Literacy:
- Assessing and addressing the patients ability to understand and act on health information.
- Patient Education:
- Educating patients and families about their conditions
- treatment options
- self-care strategies

- Utilization Management
- Resource Management:
- Efficient use of healthcare resources to achieve optimal patient outcomes.
- Cost-Effective Care:
- Balancing quality care with cost containment.
- Prior Authorization and Denial Management:
- Understanding insurance requirements and managing denials or appeals.
- Evidence-Based Practice:
Using research and clinical evidence to guide decision-making.

- Quality and Outcomes Management
- Quality Improvement:
- Implementing strategies to Excellerate healthcare quality and patient safety.
- Performance Metrics:
- Understanding key performance indicators (KPIs) such as readmission rates
- patient satisfaction scores
- length of stay.
- Outcome Measurement:
- Evaluating the effectiveness of case management interventions.
- Risk Management:
- Identifying and mitigating risks to patient safety and organizational liability.

- Healthcare Reimbursement and Financing
- Payment Models:
- Understanding fee-for-service
- value-based care
- bundled payments.
- Reimbursement Systems:
- Familiarity with Medicare
- Medicaid
- private insurance reimbursement processes.
- Cost-Benefit Analysis:
- Evaluating the financial impact of case management interventions.
- Budgeting and Financial Planning:
- Managing budgets and resources within a case management program.

- Population Health Management
- Health Promotion and Disease Prevention:
- Strategies for improving population health outcomes.
- Chronic Disease Management:
- Managing conditions such as diabetes
- heart disease
- COPD.
- Social Determinants of Health:
- Addressing factors such as housing
- education
- socioeconomic status that impact health outcomes.
- Community Resources:
- Connecting patients with community-based services and support.

- Technology in Case Management
- Health Information Systems:
- Using electronic health records (EHRs) and case management software.
- Telehealth:
- Leveraging telehealth for remote patient monitoring and consultations.
- Data Analytics:
- Using data to identify trends
- measure outcomes
- Excellerate care delivery.
- Privacy and Security:
- Ensuring the confidentiality and security of patient information.

- Professional Practice
- Leadership and Advocacy:
- Leading case management teams and advocating for policy changes.
- Professional Development:
- Engaging in continuing education and staying current with best practices.
- Certification and Licensure:
- Understanding the requirements for maintaining CMGT-BC certification and state licensure.
- Interprofessional Collaboration:
- Building effective relationships with other healthcare professionals.
- Case Management Process:
- Assessment
- planning
- implementation
- coordination
- monitoring
- evaluation.
- Care Plan:
- A documented plan outlining the patients goals and interventions.
- Continuity of Care:
- Ensuring seamless care across different providers and settings.

- Determinants of Health:
- Factors that influence health outcomes
- genetics
- behavior
- environment.
- Health Equity:
- Ensuring fair and equal access to healthcare resources.
- Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH):
- A care delivery model focused on comprehensive
- patient-centered care.
- Value-Based Care:
- A healthcare delivery model that rewards quality and outcomes rather than volume of services.

- ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
- CMSA Standards of Practice for Case Management (eg, patient advocacy)
- Concepts of nursing case management
- Nursing scope and standards of practice
- Utilization management (eg, authorizations, denials and appeals)

- Benefit management (eg, payor reimbursement, cost sharing, coordination of benefits)
- Resource coordination (eg, providers, community)
- Transition of care management (eg, planning, facilitation, evaluation)
- Data management (eg, collection, analysis, benchmarking)
- Performance improvement (eg, outcome measurement and evaluation)

- Patient education (eg, readiness for change, motivational interviewing, health literacy, medication reconciliation, safety, therapeutic communication, advanced care planning)
- Population health initiatives (eg, screenings/risk stratifications, risk-reduction strategies, health equity, social drivers/determinants of health)



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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?

Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.

Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyber­attacken werden nur selten publiziert.

Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.

Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells

Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schaden­szenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.

Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.

Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.

Nicht kriminelle Ursachen

Höhere Gewalt

Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.

Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten

Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.

Technisches Versagen

Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.

Kriminelle Ursachen

Hackerangriffe

Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.

Physischer Angriff

Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hacker­angriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.

Erpressung

Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hacker­angriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.

Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:

Cyber-Kosten:

  • Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
  • Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
  • Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
  • Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls

Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):

  • Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
  • Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
  • Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
  • Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
  • Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
  • Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
  • Rechtsverteidigungskosten

Cyber-Eigenschäden:

  • Betriebsunterbrechung
  • Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
  • Mehrkosten
  • Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
  • Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
  • Cyber-Erpressung
  • Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
  • Ersatz-IT-Hardware
  • Cyber-Betrug