Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
Wo erhalte ich vollständige Informationen über CMSRN?
Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der CMSRN: MSNCB Certified Medical-Surgical Registered Nurse Prüfung.
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Exam Number : CMSRN
Exam Name : MSNCB Certified Medical-Surgical Registered Nurse
Vendor Name : Nursing
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CMSRN exam Format | CMSRN Course Contents | CMSRN Course Outline | CMSRN exam Syllabus | CMSRN exam Objectives
- Nursing process - exam, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
- Patient safety protocols
- skin
- falls
- restraints
- rounding
- suicide
- Risk factors
- pharmacological
- environment
- equipment
- demographics
- Patient safety culture
- near miss reporting
- "just culture"
- "speak up"
- high accountable organizations
- Care bundles
- checklist
- algorithms
- Patient safety exams and reporting
- abuse
- human trafficking
- social determinants
- Risk exam methods
- Root Cause Analysis [RCA]
- Failure Mode and Effects Analysis [FMEA]
- safety rounds, safety huddles
- Universal and transmission-based precautions
- Infection control practices and standards
- Current evidence-based practice for infection control and prevention procedures
- Antimicrobial stewardship
- surgical scrub
- antibiotics
- probiotics
- Safe medication administration practices
- interaction
- adverse reaction
- intravenous therapy
- Patient medication education
- Polypharmacy
- Safe drug management and disposal (e.g., stewardship, home medication management)
- Advanced access devices (i.e., ports, central lines, epidurals)
- Financial implications to patients
- Chronic and/or acute pain management (e.g., pharmacological, non-pharmacological, multimodal)
- Patient pain management expectations
- Patient advocacy Non-Pharmacological Interventions
- Non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., repositioning, heat or cold)
- Complementary and alternative therapies (e.g., acupuncture, aromatherapy)
- Pre- and post-procedural unit standards (e.g., consent, timeout, frequent monitoring)
- Pertinent potential complications and management
- Scope of practice related to procedures (e.g., moderate/procedural sedation)
- Supplies, instruments, and equipment
- Individualized nutritional needs (e.g., malnutrition, disease processes, complications, cultural)
- Nutrition administration modalities (e.g., enteral, parenteral)
- Resources for alternate nutrition administration (e.g., speech consultation, dietary consultation)
- Indications for alternate nutrition administration
- Patient-centered care (e.g., active listening, communication preferences, family involvement, health goals.
- Resources for patient-centered care
- Patient advocacy
- Patient satisfaction management (e.g., grievances, concerns regarding practices, second opinion, service recovery)
- Cultural and linguistic needs (e.g., sign, oral, and written languages)
- Cultural and linguistic resources (e.g., translated materials, interpreter services)
- Implicit bias
- Health maintenance and disease prevention
- Health literacy
- Teaching methods
- Health promotion goals
- Resources available for patient/family
- Health information to meet patient needs
- Palliative or end-of-life patient/caregiver resources (e.g., hospice, spiritual, cultural, physical)
- End-of-life preferences (e.g., advance directives, code status)
- Post-mortem care
- Organ donation process
- Regulatory requirements for reporting death (e.g., coroner's case)
- Nursing process - exam, diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
- Strategies to individualize care
- Role within the interdisciplinary team (e.g., teamwork, communication skills)
- Interprofessional rounding
- Care coordination
- Collaborative problem solving
- Community resources
- Interdisciplinary collaboration integration methods (e.g., discharge planning, mobility, physical therapy)
- Health history exam from multiple sources
- Discharge procedures (e.g., medication reconciliation)
- Patient/family centered care
- Care coordination and transition
- Interprofessional roles and responsibilities
- Continuum of care
- Patients at risk for readmissions
- Social determinants of health
- Quality patient outcome measures
- Documentation of patient care
- Electronic health records
- Downtime procedures
- Coaching for documentation performance improvement
- Technology, equipment use, and troubleshooting
- Technology trends in health care
- Nursing informatics
- Chain of command
- Communication skills (e.g., active listening, verbal, non-verbal, written, conflict resolution, mediation)
- Information sharing (e.g., Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation [SBAR], hand-off, closed-loop, check- back, read-back, huddle, verbal orders, bedside report, interdisciplinary)
- Communication barriers (e.g., need for interpreter/translator, physical and cognitive limitations)
- De-escalation techniques (e.g., verbal intervention, calm communication)
- Time management and prioritization of care
- Crisis situations and resources (e.g., rapid response team, deteriorating patients, early warning systems)
- Crisis management
- Critical thinking
- self-regulation
- problem solving
- analysis
- interpretation
- inference
- Workplace safety
- physical
- emotional
- environmental
- Nurse resiliency and well-being
- Unintended consequences
- moral distress
- moral injury
- compassion fatigue
- burnout
- Resource allocation (e.g., staffing, equipment)
- Peer accountability
- Scope of practice and code of ethics for nurses per local and regional nursing bodies
- Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements
- Standard V of the AMSN Scope and Standards
- local governing Scope of Practice
- Patients rights and responsibilities
- Professional reporting and resources (e.g., ethics, scope of practice, unsafe practice)
- Policies, procedures, regulatory and licensure requirements, standards of practice, and applicable state, federal, and local laws
- Evidence-based guidelines for nursing sensitive indicators
- Quality standards and policies
- Continuous quality and process improvement
- Nursing professional practice model
- Adverse event reporting
- Patient customer experience based on data results (e.g., surveys, value-based purchasing)
- Service recovery
- Project development
- Legislative and licensure requirements
- Evidence-based practice principles
- Research process
- Delegation and/or supervision practices
- Scope of practice (e.g., licensed and unlicensed team members)
- Prioritization skills (e.g., disease process)
- Budgetary considerations (e.g., supplies, staffing, fiscal efficiency)
- Professional engagement
- Mentoring and coaching resources
- Reflective practice
- Roles and responsibilities
- Coaching and learning theories
- Professional empowerment
- Orientation planning and preceptor best practices
- Career development resources (e.g., education, training)
- Professional nursing practice and individual competencies
- Professional behaviors (e.g., network, participate in professional organization)
- Clinical judgement
- Peer review methods
- Educational needs exam
- Regulatory and compliance standards
- Organizational structure
- Shared decision-making
- Nursing philosophy
- Leadership models
- Nursing care delivery systems
- Change management (e.g., Awareness, Desire, Knowledge, Ability, Reinforcement [ADKAR])
- Recruitment and retention
- Employee engagement
- Staff advocacy
- Conflict management
- Financial stewardship
- Emergency procedures
- Hospital incident command structure
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug