Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der CNSC: Certified Nutrition Support Clinician Prüfung.
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Exam Number : CNSC
Exam Name : Certified Nutrition Support Clinician
Vendor Name : NBNSC
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CNSC test Format | CNSC Course Contents | CNSC Course Outline | CNSC test Syllabus | CNSC test Objectives
NBNSC certification provides an avenue to demonstrate that you have attained the skills and knowledge necessary to provide quality nutrition support care. They have determined the body of knowledge needed to have an understanding of nutrition support and developed a fair and valid means to test care providers including physicians, dietitians, pharmacists, physician assistants, and nurses.
Certified professionals are recognized as quality providers of nutrition support by the public, their colleagues, other members of the healthcare team, and administrators. The Certified Nutrition Support Clinician ® (CNSC®) certification can provide job mobility, open up job opportunities, and, in some cases, lead to promotion and monetary gain.
Objectives of Certification
To promote enhanced delivery of safe and effective care through the certification of qualified clinicians in nutrition support by:
Recognizing formally those individuals who meet eligibility requirements of the National Board of Nutrition Support Certification, Inc. and pass the certification examination for nutrition support clinicians.
Encouraging continued professional growth in the practice of nutrition support.
Establishing and measuring the level of knowledge required for certification by a nutrition support clinician.
Providing a standard of minimum knowledge deemed appropriate for clinicians practicing nutrition support; thereby assisting the public, healthcare professionals, and employers in the test of nutrition support clinicians.
Nutrition Support is an inter-professional field. After conducting extensive research, NBNSC developed a new credential, the CNSC® that is fair and valid for all professional disciplines involved in nutrition support. The dietitians, nurses, pharmacists, physician assistants, and physicians who provide care share a common body of knowledge and expertise that NBNSC has captured in the new test format. The content of the test reflects the tasks that healthcare professionals provide on a daily basis.
I. Nutrition Assessment (32%)
II. Clinical Management (55%)
III. Process Management (3%)
IV. Professional Practice (10%)
- patient history.
- patient current clinical status.
- diet, medication, and supplements for potential impact on nutritional status.
- Evaluate anthropometric data.
- Identify potential or existing nutrition support access.
- Perform nutrition-focused physical exam.
- Evaluate patient for potential complications of initiating nutrition support therapy.
- Determine fluid, nutrient, and electrolyte intake and output from all sources.
- Determine fluid, electrolyte, macronutrient, and micronutrient requirements for nutrition support therapy.
- Evaluate psychological, socio-economic, developmental, functional, behavioral, and quality of life factors.
- Evaluate indication for timing and route of administration for nutrition support therapy.
- Determine etiology, degree, and type of malnutrition.
- Determine nutritional diagnosis or problem.
- Assess patient and caregiver capabilities and limitations related to nutrition support therapy
- administration route and access for nutrition support therapy.
- formulation, rate, and/or volume of nutrition support therapy.
- use of pharmacologic adjunctive agents.
- cost-effective strategies in the provision of nutrition support therapy.
- short-term nutrition support therapy goals.
- long-term nutrition support therapy goals.
- diagnostic tests, procedures, or consultations that may modify the nutrition support plan.
- laboratory tests that may modify the nutrition support plan.
- regimen for initiation, advancement, maintenance, and discontinuation of nutrition support therapy.
- Verify position, location and functionality of nutrition access device.
- tolerance of nutrition support therapy.
- fluid status.
- adherence with nutrition support therapy plan.
- complications of nutrition support therapy.
- laboratory test results to assess adequacy and tolerance of nutrition support therapy.
- nutritional and metabolic response to nutrition support therapy.
- status of nutrition access device.
- nutrition support therapy for safety concerns, including management of product shortages.
- drug-nutrient interaction.
- enteral or parenteral formula stability.
- Modify nutrition support therapy based on changes in patient clinical status and medical plan of care.
- Manage complications related to nutrition support therapy.
- Reevaluate nutrition support therapy goals.
- Reevaluate adjunctive drug therapy.
- Transition or discontinue nutrition support therapy.
- Transition patient from one care setting to another.
- Educate patient, caregiver, and/or health care professionals on nutrition support therapy management.
- Develop or update policies and procedures to guide patient care.
- Implement current guidelines and standards of practice in the provision of nutrition support therapy.
- Develop or update patient education materials.
- Utilize a continuous process improvement model to evaluate nutrition care.
- Apply ethical principles in the application of nutrition support therapy.
- Provide nutrition support therapy in compliance with legal and regulatory standards.
- Evaluate scientific literature and interpret study design, methodology, statistical analysis and results to practice evidence-based nutrition support therapy.
- Apply principles of evidence-based practice in provision of nutrition support therapy.
- Identify patients with malnutrition.
- Identify patients with risk factors for developing malnutrition.
- Review patient history.
- Review patient current clinical status.
- Review diet, medication, and supplements for potential impact on nutritional status.
- Evaluate anthropometric data.
- Identify potential or existing nutrition support access.
- Perform nutrition-focused physical exam.
- Evaluate patient for potential complications of initiating nutrition support therapy.
- Determine fluid, nutrient, and electrolyte intake and output from all sources.
- Determine fluid, electrolyte, macronutrient, and micronutrient requirements for nutrition support therapy.
- Evaluate psychological, socio-economic, developmental, functional, behavioral, and quality of life factors.
- Evaluate indication for timing and route of administration for nutrition support therapy.
- Determine etiology, degree, and type of malnutrition.
- Determine nutritional diagnosis or problem.
- Assess patient and caregiver capabilities and limitations related to nutrition support therapy.
- administration route and access for nutrition support therapy.
- formulation, rate, and/or volume of nutrition support therapy.
- use of pharmacologic adjunctive agents.
- cost-effective strategies in the provision of nutrition support therapy.
- short-term nutrition support therapy goals.
- long-term nutrition support therapy goals.
- diagnostic tests, procedures, or consultations that may modify the nutrition support plan.
- laboratory tests that may modify the nutrition support plan.
- regimen for initiation, advancement, maintenance, and discontinuation of nutrition support therapy.
- Verify position, location and functionality of nutrition access device.
- Evaluate tolerance of nutrition support therapy.
- Evaluate fluid status.
- Monitor adherence with nutrition support therapy plan.
- Monitor for complications of nutrition support therapy.
- Evaluate laboratory test results to assess adequacy and tolerance of nutrition support therapy.
- Monitor nutritional and metabolic response to nutrition support therapy.
- Evaluate status of nutrition access device.
- Assess nutrition support therapy for safety concerns, including management of product shortages.
- Monitor for drug-nutrient interaction.
- Monitor for enteral or parenteral formula stability.
- Modify nutrition support therapy based on changes in patient clinical status and medical plan of care.
- Manage complications related to nutrition support therapy.
- Reevaluate nutrition support therapy goals.
- Reevaluate adjunctive drug therapy.
- Transition or discontinue nutrition support therapy.
- Transition patient from one care setting to another.
- Educate patient, caregiver, and/or health care professionals on nutrition support therapy management.
- Develop or update policies and procedures to guide patient care.
- Implement current guidelines and standards of practice in the provision of nutrition support therapy.
- Develop or update patient education materials.
- Utilize a continuous process improvement model to evaluate nutrition care.
- Apply ethical principles in the application of nutrition support therapy.
- Provide nutrition support therapy in compliance with legal and regulatory standards.
- Evaluate scientific literature and interpret study design, methodology, statistical analysis and results to practice evidence-based nutrition support therapy.
- Apply principles of evidence-based practice in provision of nutrition support therapy.
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
