Was ist das eigentlich? Cyberrisiken verständlich erklärt
Es wird viel über Cyberrisiken gesprochen. Oftmals fehlt aber das grundsätzliche Verständnis, was Cyberrisiken überhaupt sind. Ohne diese zu verstehen, lässt sich aber auch kein Versicherungsschutz gestalten.
Beinahe alle Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens können heute über das Internet abgewickelt werden. Online-Shopping und Online-Banking sind im Alltag angekommen. Diese Entwicklung trifft längst nicht nur auf Privatleute, sondern auch auf Firmen zu. Das Schlagwort Industrie 4.0 verheißt bereits eine zunehmende Vernetzung diverser geschäftlicher Vorgänge über das Internet.
Anbieter von Cyberversicherungen für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMU) haben Versicherungen die Erfahrung gemacht, dass trotz dieser eindeutigen Entwicklung Cyberrisiken immer noch unterschätzt werden, da sie als etwas Abstraktes wahrgenommen werden. Für KMU kann dies ein gefährlicher Trugschluss sein, da gerade hier Cyberattacken existenzbedrohende Ausmaße annehmen können. So wird noch häufig gefragt, was Cyberrisiken eigentlich sind. Diese Frage ist mehr als verständlich, denn ohne (Cyber-)Risiken bestünde auch kein Bedarf für eine (Cyber-)Versicherung.
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Nachfolgend finden Sie alle Details zu Übungstests, Dumps und aktuellen Fragen der COCN: Certified Ostomy Care Nurse Prüfung.
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Exam Number : COCN
Exam Name : Certified Ostomy Care Nurse
Vendor Name : WOCNCB
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COCN test Format | COCN Course Contents | COCN Course Outline | COCN test Syllabus | COCN test Objectives
- Psychosocial factors affecting care
- patient and caregiver ability to learn and perform care
- economic implications
- education
- coping skills
- Surgical procedures
- ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA]
- continent reservoir
- low anterior resection [LAR]
- total proctocolectomy
- abdominal perineal resection [APR]
- Surgical indications
- cancer
- inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]
- necrotizing enterocolitis
- trauma
- perforation
- ischemia
- Specialty population considerations
- neonatal
- obstetric
- pediatric
- bariatric
- differently abled
- Identifying and supporting patient and caregiver goals
- Evaluating ability to provide self-care
- manual dexterity
- vision
- cognition
- Marking and selecting stoma sites
- abdominal contours
- clothing choices
- pouching options
- lifestyle
- surgical procedures
- Fecal diversion
- colostomy
- ileostomy
- continent pouch
- Urinary diversion
- urostomy
- continent pouch
- orthotopic neobladder
- Stomal complications
- prolapse
- retraction
- necrosis
- hernia
- Peristomal complications
- mucocutaneous separation
- dermatitis
- pyoderma gangrenosum
- Surgical complications
- dehiscence
- infection
- ileus
- Percutaneous tubes
- nephrostomy
- gastrostomy
- surgical drain
- Fistulae
- enterocutaneous
- colocutaneous
- vesicocutaneous
- Principles of patient-centered care
- psychosocial issues
- access to care and supplies
- cultural beliefs
- Evaluating the effectiveness of the current treatment plan
- Setting patient-focused goals
- Containment modalities
- pouches
- absorptive dressings
- Skin health and protection
- crusting
- skin barrier
- Fluid and electrolyte balance
- Medication management
- Dietary management
- Interpreting patient responses to interventions
- Modifying interventions based on revised patient needs and goals
- Interpreting lab values
- Utilizing securement techniques
- Coping mechanisms
- Changes in body image
- Available health care resources
- support and advocacy
- supply access
- post-acute care
- Engaging in active listening
- Assessing verbal and nonverbal cues
- Colostomy management
- irrigation
- closed-end pouches
- odor
- Ileostomy management
- fluid and electrolyte management
- food blockage
- medications
- Urostomy management
- mucus
- stents
- bedside drainage
- Continent diversion management
- intermittent catheterization
- irrigation
- Effluent quality- type- frequency- and volume
- Complication management
- crusting
- cauterization
- accessories
- convexity
- Stoma types
- end
- loop
- temporary
- permanent
- Bridging systems
- rod
- loop
- Selecting pouching systems and accessories
- evaluation of body contours
- stoma construction
- patient preference
- Applying pouching systems and accessories
- Collecting urine specimens from ileal conduits
- Managing stomal and peristomal complications
- crusting
- cauterization
- accessories
- convexity
- Fistulae management
- Etiologic factors
- surgery
- infection
- obstruction
- Crohns disease
- Medications
- Nutrition
- Monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance
- Applying containment devices
- pouches
- absorptive dressings
- Protecting perifistular skin
- crusting
- skin barrier
- Percutaneous tube management
- Securement techniques
- Managing complications
- dislodgement
- hypertrophic tissue
- blockage
- leakage
- Preoperative education
- surgical procedures
- lifestyle changes
- stoma management
- stoma site marking
- Postoperative education
- pouching
- activity
- intimacy
- nutrition
- peristomal skin health
- Health literacy
- Patient and caregiver goals
- self-care
- reliable pouch wear time
- activity
- Transitions of care
- Supply and information resources
- Specialty population considerations
- neonatal
- obstetric
- pediatric
- bariatric
- differently abled
- Educating the patient and caregivers on ostomy- fistula- and tube management
- Developing plans of care
- Factors affecting optimal ostomy management
- high output
- ineffective pouching
- peristomal skin injury
- Patient and caregiver goals
- self-care
- reliable pouch wear time
- activity
- Transitions of care
- Educating health care clinicians and providers on ostomy- fistula- and tube management principles and procedures
- fluid and electrolyte management
- medications
- nutrition
- Developing plans of care
- supplies
- pouching
- Plans of care
- Available health care resources
- support and advocacy
- supply access
- post-acute care
- Recommending referrals for other services
- rehabilitation services
- nutritionist
- social services
- mental health professional
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WOCNCB Ostomy Questions and Answers
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Warum sind Cyberrisiken so schwer greifbar?
Als mehr oder weniger neuartiges Phänomen stellen Cyberrisiken Unternehmen und Versicherer vor besondere Herausforderungen. Nicht nur die neuen Schadenszenarien sind abstrakter oder noch nicht bekannt. Häufig sind immaterielle Werte durch Cyberrisiken in Gefahr. Diese wertvollen Vermögensgegenstände sind schwer bewertbar.
Obwohl die Gefahr durchaus wahrgenommen wird, unterschätzen viele Firmen ihr eigenes Risiko. Dies liegt unter anderem auch an den Veröffentlichungen zu Cyberrisiken. In der Presse finden sich unzählige Berichte von Cyberattacken auf namhafte und große Unternehmen. Den Weg in die Presse finden eben nur die spektakulären Fälle. Die dort genannten Schadenszenarien werden dann für das eigene Unternehmen als unrealistisch eingestuft. Die für die KMU nicht minder gefährlichen Cyberattacken werden nur selten publiziert.
Aufgrund der fehlenden öffentlichen Meldungen von Sicherheitsvorfällen an Sicherheitsbehörden und wegen der fehlenden Presseberichte fällt es schwer, Fakten und Zahlen zur Risikolage zu erheben. Aber ohne diese Grundlage fällt es schwer, in entsprechende Sicherheitsmaßnahmen zu investieren.
Erklärungsleitfaden anhand eines Ursache-Wirkungs-Modells
Häufig nähert man sich dem Thema Cyberrisiko anlass- oder eventbezogen, also wenn sich neue Schadenszenarien wie die weltweite WannaCry-Attacke entwickeln. Häufig wird auch akteursgebunden beleuchtet, wer Angreifer oder Opfer sein kann. Dadurch begrenzt man sich bei dem Thema häufig zu sehr nur auf die Cyberkriminalität. Um dem Thema Cyberrisiko jedoch gerecht zu werden, müssen auch weitere Ursachen hinzugezogen werden.
Mit einer Kategorisierung kann das Thema ganzheitlich und nachvollziehbar strukturiert werden. Ebenso hilft eine solche Kategorisierung dabei, eine Abgrenzung vorzunehmen, für welche Gefahren Versicherungsschutz über eine etwaige Cyberversicherung besteht und für welche nicht.
Die Ursachen sind dabei die Risiken, während finanzielle bzw. nicht finanzielle Verluste die Wirkungen sind. Cyberrisiken werden demnach in zwei Hauptursachen eingeteilt. Auf der einen Seite sind die nicht kriminellen Ursachen und auf der anderen Seite die kriminellen Ursachen zu nennen. Beide Ursachen können dabei in drei Untergruppen unterteilt werden.
Nicht kriminelle Ursachen
Höhere Gewalt
Häufig hat man bei dem Thema Cyberrisiko nur die kriminellen Ursachen vor Augen. Aber auch höhere Gewalt kann zu einem empfindlichen Datenverlust führen oder zumindest die Verfügbarkeit von Daten einschränken, indem Rechenzentren durch Naturkatastrophen wie beispielsweise Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben zerstört werden. Ebenso sind Stromausfälle denkbar.
Menschliches Versagen/Fehlverhalten
Als Cyberrisiken sind auch unbeabsichtigtes und menschliches Fehlverhalten denkbar. Hierunter könnte das versehentliche Veröffentlichen von sensiblen Informationen fallen. Möglich sind eine falsche Adressierung, Wahl einer falschen Faxnummer oder das Hochladen sensibler Daten auf einen öffentlichen Bereich der Homepage.
Technisches Versagen
Auch Hardwaredefekte können zu einem herben Datenverlust führen. Neben einem Überhitzen von Rechnern sind Kurzschlüsse in Systemtechnik oder sogenannte Headcrashes von Festplatten denkbare Szenarien.
Kriminelle Ursachen
Hackerangriffe
Hackerangriffe oder Cyberattacken sind in der Regel die Szenarien, die die Presse dominieren. Häufig wird von spektakulären Datendiebstählen auf große Firmen oder von weltweiten Angriffen mit sogenannten Kryptotrojanern berichtet. Opfer kann am Ende aber jeder werden. Ziele, Methoden und auch das Interesse sind vielfältig. Neben dem finanziellen Interesse können Hackerangriffe auch zur Spionage oder Sabotage eingesetzt werden. Mögliche Hackermethoden sind unter anderem: Social Engineering, Trojaner, DoS-Attacken oder Viren.
Physischer Angriff
Die Zielsetzung eines physischen Angriffs ist ähnlich dem eines Hackerangriffs. Dabei wird nicht auf die Tools eines Hackerangriffs zurückgegriffen, sondern durch das physische Eindringen in Unternehmensgebäude das Ziel erreicht. Häufig sind es Mitarbeiter, die vertrauliche Informationen stehlen, da sie bereits den notwendigen Zugang zu den Daten besitzen.
Erpressung
Obwohl die Erpressung aufgrund der eingesetzten Methoden auch als Hackerangriff gewertet werden könnte, ergibt eine Differenzierung Sinn. Erpressungsfälle durch Kryptotrojaner sind eines der häufigsten Schadenszenarien für kleinere und mittelständische Unternehmen. Außerdem sind auch Erpressungsfälle denkbar, bei denen sensible Daten gestohlen wurden und ein Lösegeld gefordert wird, damit sie nicht veröffentlicht oder weiterverkauft werden.
Ihre Cyberversicherung sollte zumindet folgende Schäden abdecken:
Cyber-Kosten:
- Soforthilfe und Forensik-Kosten (Kosten der Ursachenermittlung, Benachrichtigungskosten und Callcenter-Leistung)
- Krisenkommunikation / PR-Maßnahmen
- Systemverbesserungen nach einer Cyber-Attacke
- Aufwendungen vor Eintritt des Versicherungsfalls
Cyber-Drittschäden (Haftpflicht):
- Befriedigung oder Abwehr von Ansprüchen Dritter
- Rechtswidrige elektronische Kommunikation
- Ansprüche der E-Payment-Serviceprovider
- Vertragsstrafe wegen der Verletzung von Geheimhaltungspflichten und Datenschutzvereinbarungen
- Vertragliche Schadenersatzansprüche
- Vertragliche Haftpflicht bei Datenverarbeitung durch Dritte
- Rechtsverteidigungskosten
Cyber-Eigenschäden:
- Betriebsunterbrechung
- Betriebsunterbrechung durch Ausfall von Dienstleister (optional)
- Mehrkosten
- Wiederherstellung von Daten (auch Entfernen der Schadsoftware)
- Cyber-Diebstahl: elektronischer Zahlungsverkehr, fehlerhafter Versand von Waren, Telefon-Mehrkosten/erhöhte Nutzungsentgelte
- Cyber-Erpressung
- Entschädigung mit Strafcharakter/Bußgeld
- Ersatz-IT-Hardware
- Cyber-Betrug
